12 Mr Theodore Kjerulf on the Phenomena 
that it has been deposited from streams of fresh water. It 
overlies the shell-clay. 
(3.) Sandy clay and stratified flood sand, which alternate 
with another. The clay is generally light-grey in colour, 
and more or less mixed with fine sand, in consequence of 
which it is less plastic, and when dry does not stick to the 
tongue. The transition from sandy clay to clayey sand is 
sometimes complete. The sand is brown or grey, and the 
beds vary much in thickness. Here and there large gather- 
ings of boulder stones may be found in it, especially towards 
the top. 
The source whence this sandy clay and river sand were 
derived is the old glacial banks of the boulder-clay. It was 
from these banks that the sands and clays were washed, 
and the finer the particles the greater the distance to which 
they were removed. Hence the sand generally lies nearest 
the boulder-clay banks, while the sandy clay rests further 
off. Hence, also, we find sandy plateaus so constantly as- 
sociated with the boulder-clay banks at the lower levels; 
for there these banks have uniformly been reached and 
washed by the sea when it stood at its former higher level. 
In Southern Norway, however, it must be remarked, that 
the distribution of the sand is especially to the south of the 
banks, a fact which seems to indicate the influence of fresh- 
watercurrents pouring out seaward from the landon thenorth. 
No shells are found in this sandy clay or river sand, which 
overlie the previously mentioned clays, Nos. (1) and (2). 
The height to which they rise is, at the lower levels, largely 
dependent on the original height of the nearest boulder-clay 
banks. Thus, in the more open country, they have been 
traced to elevations of from 400 to 600 feet. Up the river 
courses again they rise to any elevation, so long as the 
valley slopes exist, and the lake basins continue to present 
themselves. 
The accompanying section shows the succession of the 
various beds. They rest on the underlying granite. On 
the surface of the granite, where an angle of the rock has 
afforded shelter, is a heap of boulder-clay with boulders 1.* 
* Such heaps of boulder-clay below the marl belong to the oldest part of 
the deposit, and are peculiarly interesting, as the only records of that earlier 
