of the Scratched Rock Surfaces. T 
very closely connected with one another, the name of the 
Glacial Formation may, for shortness sake, be applied to 
both. 
The older and strictly glacial group consists of, 1. Glacial 
banks and debris heaps. 2. Glacial sand and marly clay, 
with the oldest glacial shell-beds. The later and post-glacial 
group consists of, 1. Shell-clay and shell-bearing sand— 
the later post-glacial shell-beds. 2. Brick-clay and inland 
clay. 3. Sandy clay and flood sand. 
Following these is a third group of still later alluviums, 
river deltas,* peat mosses, and river sand and gravel, all 
going on at the present day. 
I. First, then, as to the older and strictly glacial group. 
(1.) The first part of this which we have to consider is the 
glacial banks. They consist of sand mixed with clay or 
with debris in general (awr), blocks, and the so-called rolled 
stones, which, however, are not rolled but scratched stones. 
Fragments of the most varied rocks are here mixed together. 
The position of these heaps of sand debris and blocks is 
always immediately on the furrowed rock surface itself. 
These banks are present everywhere, and everywhere are 
composed of the same heterogeneous materials. On the hills, 
at an elevation of 600 or 700 feet above the sea, this is the 
only formation present. At the lower levels it only appears in 
banks (Asar, in Swedish; Raer, in Norwegian; Kaims, in 
Scotch) which rise amidst flat expanses of clay and sand, or 
sometimes appear in detached hillocks. In this form, which 
belongs to these banks in the lower districts, they rise toa 
level above the sea of from 6 to 700 feet. Such lower level 
glacial banks either stretch in long-backed ridges, which 
project markedly above the clay and sand flats, or lie com- 
pletely buried in the interior of elevated sand plateaus, 
where their form and extension can in general only be in- 
ferred from the position of small lakes in their bendings, 
or from the curves which rivers and brooks, unable to cut 
through them, are compelled to follow. But the higher » 
level banks, those, that is to say, which are found in the 
upper parts of the valleys and on the mountain slopes, rise 
to all elevations, even to a great height, sometimes fring- 
