228 Richard Adie, Esq. on the Temperatures of 



siorphine village to the railway station — temperature 32-2° ; 

 As might be anticipated, the two-tenths of a degree was quite 

 sufficient to prevent any ground-ice ; the centre of the stream 

 was free from ice, at the edges there were a few crystals 

 much the same as I had seen under the arch at Joppa ; no 

 ice under water, otherwise the bed of the stream was most 

 favourable for its reception. The temperature of this rivulet 

 formed a contrast, being above 32°; while on the canal in its 

 vicinity the ice under the arches of the bridges was walked 

 over. 



The river Almond, near Cramond — temperature 32°, ground- 

 ice in plenty ; one mass of it near a gorge where the water 

 passed among some large stones I estimated to contain two 

 cubic feet. 



The river Eden, at Carlisle. On 3d January I left the 

 city and crossed the bridge by the Glasgow and Carlisle 

 road. On proceeding up the bank a few hundred yards, the 

 stream at that part shewed a surface free from ice, and from 

 ten to twelve feet deep, running with a steady powerful cur- 

 rent — temperature 32°. In this part of the river there were 

 lodgements of ground-ice by far the most extensive I have 

 ever witnessed; one mass I estimated to contain a cubic yard ; 

 on some long slender stems of plants there were accumula- 

 tions of spiculse, in form like large turnip bulbs, collected in 

 that shape by the turning and twisting of the stems in the 

 current, colour opalescent, like snow immersed in water. A 

 short distance further up the stream there were large quan- 

 tities of ice, some of it eight feet below the surface, gathered 

 together in a form which resembled a number of rough stone 

 blocks resting against one another at an angle of inclination 

 of 75°. The heads of the blocks leaning towards the current, 

 tuith the angle which first met the stream always acute ; this 

 fact appeared to me to illustrate the process of the formation 

 of these blocks, for it was there that the icy spiculae brought 

 down by the river were lodged. The collections of ice in 

 the bed of the Eden on 3d January were more interesting 

 and beautiful than any I had ever before seen, both for the 

 quantity of ice and the depth at which it appeared below 

 the surface. Like the collections on the steins of the plants, 



