the Coast of the Firth of Forth. 111 
of this opinion, that near Camelon, on the banks of the Car- 
ron, at the inner edge of the Carse, the remains of the Roman 
Portus ad Vallum, consisting of walls, houses, and docks 
existed down to the last century, and that an anchor was dug 
up in the same locality.* 
This independent testimony corroborates in the most satis- 
factory manner the geological inference already stated in this 
paper. I visited the site of the ancient Camelon, and found it 
lying at the foot of the old coast line—a wavy line of bold 
bluffs, similar to but considerably higher than those of the 
Friggate Whins. It required no force of imagination to pic- 
ture the sea rising to the base of these cliffs, and ascending 
the valley of the Carron, with Roman galleys winding up the 
estuary, or anchored in the harbour of the long forsaken and 
forgotten Portus ad Vallum. 
Having shown that the coast at Leith has risen 25 feet 
or so since the Roman invasion, it by no means follows that 
the coast along other portions of the Firth of Forth, and of 
the east of Scotland generally, has been elevated to the same 
amount, Nor is it necessary to the truth of the conclusions of 
this paper, that the west coast of Scotland—as for instance 
at the termination of the Wall of Antonine—should be proved 
to have experienced any elevatory movement at all. 
Such movements are local in action and variable in amount, 
so that geologically there is no reason why the amount of rise 
may not have lessened towards the west, until in the Firth of 
Clyde it ceased altogether. No one can examine the shores 
of our country without becoming convinced, that they have 
been raised, not by equal and uniform elevations, but by a 
general upheaval which varied greatly in amount in different 
localities, and was even interrupted by long intervals, during 
which the land appears to have remained stationary. Hence 
the raised beaches occur at different levels above the present 
shore, and even the same line of upheaved littoral deposits 
may be proved to be actually higher at one point than at 
another.t 
* Stewart’s “ Caledonia Romana,” p. 177. 
+ It is a curious fact, that during the oscillations which accompanied the de- 
position of the carboniferous rocks in central Scotland, a great inequality ap- 
