180 Dr Cleghorn on the Coco-Nut Tree and its Uses. 
blade carried round, would make a common sized dinner plate. 
The Pathady (Plate ITI. fig. 5), a wooden club or mallet, about 
a foot long, and an inch and a half in diameter in the thickest 
part, is used for hammering the end of the spathe, when cut, 
to crush the flowers, that the juice may flow freely. The 
Moongul is a small bamboo tube for holding finely-powdered 
white sand, to sharpen the knife with. This the Sanar accom- 
plishes by sprinkling the sand upon a flat piece of wood he 
carries about with him, called Arival tittu cutid, one end of 
which being pressed against his chest, and the other against 
the trunk of a tree, he rubs the blade up and down, and makes 
an edge like arazor. The arival tittu cutta is made of the 
Kanal-Mooraga maram (Evrythrina indica), and is generally 
about two feet long by two inches broad and deep. 
The Kaliol (Plate III. fig. 6), made of leather and lined 
with cloth, is put upon the instep, as represented, to prevent 
the chafing of the kaltaly (Plate III. fig. 7), a circular rope 
into which the Sanar’s feet are placed to assist him in climbing. 
The Vada-cour is a strong rope, about 24 yards in length, 
made of cow or buffalo hide. It encircles both the Sanar and 
the tree, as he climbs, and is, as the name denotes, the 
“back rope.” The part which comes in contact with his back 
is usually lined with cloth to prevent chafing. 
Furnished, then, with the necessaries as described above, 
and sometimes with a small bamboo ladder, the Sanar starts 
early of a morning in the direction of his trees, to collect 
the toddy drawn during the night. Arrived at the foot of a 
tree, he first fastens the vada-cour round himself and the 
trunk, and puts his feet into the kalialy, fitting the rope 
over the kaliols and under the soles of his feet. Then, in 
order to plant his two feet (which are thus kept from separa- 
ting by the kdaltaly) upon the trunk of the tree, he presses 
the upper part of his back strongly against the vada-cour, 
and keeps his body poised upwards, as it were, by planting his 
left hand firmly against the tree—fingers pointing downwards, 
and pushing in that direction, In Plate I. is shown the atti- 
tude of the man as he is preparing to mount, before he has 
attached the rope which keeps his feet in apposition. His first 
motion, after the kaltol has been tied on, is to lift his feet 
