Dr Cleghorn on the Coco-Nut Tree and its Uses. 183 
shop yielding Rs. 1-5-2 to Government; and 81 fourth-class 
shops, to each of which 110 trees are allotted—each shop pay- 
ing Rs: 1-2-5 to Government. The gross collections annually 
upon all the shops amount to about Rs. 2-32-567. It is not 
always men of the Sanar caste who rent these shops; rich 
sowcars and natives of other castes generally contract for 
them, and place men of the Sanar caste in charge. There is 
nothing very peculiar about the habit, custom, or dress of 
the Sanars to separate them from other Hindu castes, apart 
from their occupation, which, being exclusively that of the sale 
and manufacture of toddy, may be said to distinguish them. 
Around Madras the Sanars are divided into two classes, 
the higher and the lower; the latter are called Pully Sanar, 
and permit their widows to marry. For a brief account of 
the mode of extracting toddy, illustrated by coloured plates, 
see “Kew Miscellany,” vol. ii. p. 28. Much information 
regarding the culture of the coco-nut will be found in Buch- 
anan’s ‘“‘ Journey through Mysore.”’* 
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 
Plate I. 
Coco-nut palm ; Sdnar preparing to ascend with apparatus. 
| Plate II. 
Fig. 1. Coco-nut ; end of spathe tied up. 2. Coco-nuts on spadix. 3. Basket 
(Arival péty), with apparatus. 
Plate IIL. 
Fig. 1. Rope for binding. 2. Toddy vessel (Zropéty). 3. Brush (Palai 
mallai). 4. Knife (Arival). 5. Mallet (Pathady). 6. Pads on 
feet (Kaltol), 7. Circular rope for feet (Kaltaly). 
On some of the Stages of Development in the Female Flower 
of Dammara australis. By ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D. 
Edin.+ (Plate IV.) 
In a short notice upon the morphology of the cones of Arau- 
caria, Dammara, &c., which I read before this Society in 
January last, I called in question the ordinarily received inter- 
pretation of the structures in the female cones of these plants. 
In the first place, I drew attention to the easily demonstrated 
* For some of the local statistics given above Iam indebted to Mr Breeks, C.S. 
+ Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, July 11th, 1861. 
