the late Professor Jameson. 15 
but following out the Wernerian mode of investigation, and 
_ Werner’s views in regard to the universality of formations. 
Do not geologists in Britain determine the characters of for- 
mations according tothe Wernerian School; and is this also not 
the case on the continent? Are not the geologists of England 
endeavouring to identify the formations of our island with 
those of Germany, France, and Italy? Are not the Ameri- 
cans doing the same? And do we not find geologists tracing 
our old red sandstones, coal formations, lias, oolites, &c., 
throughout India? What is this but attempting to prove 
the universality of formations ?” 
Under the shelter, says Werner, of these limestone ridges 
which intersect Italy and Greece—ridges of all heights, ra- 
mified in all directions, and which abound in springs, sepa- 
rated by charming valleys, rich in the productions of living 
nature—philosophy and the arts first sprang to life. It is 
there that those minds have arisen, of which the human race 
has most reason to be proud of ; while the vast deserts of Tar- 
tary and Africa have always been inhabited by fierce and wan- 
dering shepherds ; and even in countries where they have the 
same laws, and the same language, a practised traveller is able 
from the manners of the people, from the appearance of their 
houses and their clothes, to guess at the composition of the 
soil of each canton. In the same manner as from this com- 
position, the philosophical mineralogist conjectures what may 
be their manners, their degrees of comfort and of instruction. 
Our granite districts produce, upon all the arts of life, very 
different effects from our calcareous. © The natives of the Li- 
mousin, or of Lower Brittany, are not lodged, they are not 
fed, we might even say they do not think, like those of Cham- 
pagne or Normandy. Even the results of the conscription 
have been different, and different according to a fixed law in 
the different districts. Geographical mineralogy thus assumes 
a high importance, when we connect it with what Werner 
called economical mineralogy, or the history of the employ- 
ment of minerals to the wants of man. 
The comprehensive mind of Werner seized equally all these 
relations, and it was with an ever new delight, that his hearers 
listened to his exposition of so much of them as his public 
