connection ivith the Climate of Berlin. 225 



America or Asia. Thus the same amount of temperature is always 

 preserved, and local luxury is elsewhere atoned for by biting poverty. 



In this last particular a very great difference exists between the 

 relative temperature of Europe on the one side and of America and 

 Asia on the other. The temperature of the winter of 1821-22, and 

 the January of 1834, was apparently only so strikingly high on ac- 

 count of America and Asia having then such severe winters. In 

 December 1829, the greatest proportional cold was felt at Berlin. It 

 was also very remarkable at Kasan, but at Irkutsk the weather was 

 mild, and America was favoured with an extraordinary degree of 

 warmth. The celebrated winter of 1794-95, which was famed for 

 the conquest of Holland, was mild in America, as well as that of 

 1809 ; whilst in Europe, the strikingly mild winters of 1793-94 and 

 1795-96 fell much below the mean temperature in America ; and 

 the warm European winter of 1790-91 was compensated for by a 

 cold one in America. E^ede has remarked the same tiling? of Green- 

 land ; and the Danes have observed that if the winter has been severo 

 in Denmark, the Greenland winter has been mild, and vice versa. 

 These remarks apply to Copenhagen also, in connection with Iceland, 

 and to such an extent that the exportation of goods from Denmark to 

 that island is, in some measure, guided by it. 



If the limits of the two currents fall towards Europe, then the 

 usual weather shews itself here, whilst the extremes lie on both sides 

 of it. Thus, in February 1828, Europe enjoyed a mean tempera- 

 ture between the extreme cold of Kasan and Irkutsk, and the mild 

 winter of America. On the other hand, when the opposing cur- 

 rents become due east and due west, America, Europe, and Asia 

 belong to the same system of weather, whilst the oppositions take 

 place in the direction of north and south. Thus, in December 1802, 

 the greatest degree of cold was felt in central Europe, but it was also 

 cold in Asia and America, whilst in Scandinavia the temperature had 

 risen. On the contrary, during the mild March of 1822, a decrease 

 of temperature took place in the south, whilst it was raised in the 

 north of Europe. In the cold autumn of 1820, the warm places lay 

 on the north-west of Europe ; during the severe winter of 1799, in 

 Greenland; and during the mild winter of 1824-25, first on the 

 north and then on the south of Europe. These oppositions charac- 

 terizing the north and south are also occasioned by a north and south 

 current meeting each other. In the December of 1808, for example, 

 cold weather prevailed in Europe from Torneo to Palermo, which de- 

 creased towards the west, and was not experienced in America. In 

 the January of 1809, a very mild temperature distinguished the outh 

 of Europe, whilst the cold, the diffusion of which was apparently ob- 

 structed towards the south by south winds, was on that account more 

 strongly concentrated in the north of Europe, and was increasingly 

 felt in the direction of Berlin, Dantzic, Stockholm, and Torneo. The 

 increase of warmth was now felt in a westerly direction, and became 



