in Scotland and Parts of England. 257 



The views here advanced for a general glaciation are sup- 

 ported by facts from Scandinavia, which no theory of exclu- 

 sively local glaciation, or of abrasion exclusively by floating 

 ice, can possibly account for. M. Bohtlink, who examined 

 the glacial phenomena of Scandinavia with great care, found 

 there, as we have done in Scotland, many examples of stria- 

 tion in the direction of the valleys. But he also found on the 

 intermediate heights the normal direction observed, some- 

 times at an angle of 50° to that of the valleys. This is pre- 

 cisely what I have found in Sutherlandshire. I have myself 

 seen something of the glacial phenomena of Scandinavia, and 

 fully believe that local glaciers once filled many of the valleys 

 of that country. The moraines of the celebrated Gulbrands- 

 dalen, at Mosshuus and Laurgard, which I have described 

 elsewhere, are not to be mistaken. There are, moreover, in 

 Lapland and Finland clear proofs of glaciers having run out 

 to north-westward and north-eastward. But to rest content 

 with the idea that the direction of all such action can be 

 traced back to the great plateaux — which is the case of Eng- 

 lish geologists at this day — is to stand in a position which I 

 am certain cannot be maintained. Take the following facts 

 of my own observation, as only a selection of reasons which 

 might be adduced for that conclusion. 



In the very midst of the Scandinavian plateau, on the sum- 

 mit of 4000 feet elevation at Jerkind, and in the immediate 

 neighbourhood of Sneehatte, the southern slope is abraded 

 and polished almost to the top, with striae between north-east 

 and south-west — a line totally irrespective of all the great 

 mountains of the district, such as Sneehatte, which it sweeps 

 laterally. There is, in fact, no higher ground from which 

 the required agent could descend to this spot : the effects 

 have clearly been produced by an agent crossing the chain. 

 There is, indeed, in the neighbouring valley of the Driv, an 

 abrasion running downwards to the north, with a great 

 lateral moraine at a considerable elevation along the moun- 

 tain side ; and this is the undoubted memorial of a local or 

 valley glacier, easily traceable to the hollow grounds around 

 Sneehatte. It is easy, however, to see that the markings at 



