68 BULLETIN 1003, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
cially in regions remote from the railroad. Such plants might be 
owned and operated jointly by a number of settlers. 
(6) “ Medium” grade stumps, though much more plentiful than 
_ “rich ” stumps, could be used in a commercial plant only at a cost, 
delivered, materially less than the calculated cost per cord of such 
wood, $8. 30, and at prices for products not materially less than 
those given in this bulletin. 
(7) “The refined turpentine from western yellow- pine stumpwood, 
consisting mostly of beta-pinene and limonene, has higher boiling- 
point Herbs than similar turpentine from ‘southern eollen: pine, and 
dries much more slowly. For this reason paints and varnishes 
thinned with the turpentine take longer to dry than the same paints | 
and varnishes thinned with turpentine made from the longleaf yellow 
pine of the South. 
(8) The solvent power of this turpentine is not less than that of 
wood turpentine from longleaf yellow pine made and refined by the 
same process. It is suitable for many if not all of the purposes for 
which wood turpentine can be employed. | 
(9) The refined pine oil and the crude oils obtained by distilling 
western yellow pine are valuable for ore recovery by the flotation 
process. This is probably the most profitable use to which these 
products can be put. 
(10) The crude light and heavy oils have germicidal properties 
approximately half as great as those of phenol, for which reason 
they are useful for shingle stains, wood preservatives, vermin killers. 
, and disinfectants. 
(11) The pyroligneous acid or “acid liquor” contains approxi- 
mately one-fourth the amount of acetic acid, methyl alcohol, and 
acetone ordinarily recovered from hardwood acid liquor, and is 
heavily charged with dissolved tarry matter, resembling in all re- 
spects the pyroligneous acid obtained in distilling southern yellow- — 
pine wood. At the usual prices, the recovery of these materials at 
a profit is hardly possible by present methods. 
(12) A simple method for the commercial refining of crude wood 
turpentine, which yields a superior product, has been devised. 
The figures given in this bulletin are based on those which pre- 
vailed in 1914 and 1915. Prices have increased materially since that 
time and estimated profits may be more or less. Material changes in 
the ratio of total cost of production to selling value of products 
will increase the calculated profits from wood distillation if the 
value of products has risen faster than cost of materials and of pro- 
duction. Calculated profits will be decreased if the materials and 
cost of production have increased more than the value of the products 
of distillation. In order to estimate at any given time the probable 
