THE PARANDRA BOEEE AS AN ORCHARD ENEMY. , 6 



species, taken from black ash by Mr. Shelby Reed, Scottsville, N. Y. 

 Various other writers give brief notes on the larvae and, adults as 

 occurring in and about different species of forest trees, but it was 

 not until the year 1890 that a note was published by Dr. F. H. Chit- 

 tenden * of the Bureau of Entomology, associating the species with 

 a cultivated fruit tree. In this note the author states: " found 

 under the bark of domestic cherry; are very common. " Mr. Thos. E. 

 Snyder, 2 in 1910, writes that it has been determined that this beetle 

 damages many species of living forest, fruit, and shade trees. In 

 1911, Mr. Charles A. Hart 3 published an account of this species in 

 which he described the damage done to apple and other trees. 



The insect has been found in Ontario, Canada, and in the States 

 of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Minne- 

 sota, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Arkansas, Texas, Arizona, 

 and California, and in the District of Columbia. There is little 

 doubt that it may be found over the greater part of temperate 

 North America. 



CHARACTER OF INJURY. 



The Parandra borer is one of several species of borers from which 

 trees are in very little danger of injury so long as they are kept in 

 sound and vigorous condition. The borers of the present species 

 enter the wood from dead or decaying places on the surface (PI. II, figs. 

 a, b) and are probably never found in trees whose trunks and larger 

 branches are entirely covered with healthy bark. Any accident or 

 condition that will produce dead or decaying surface areas, especially 

 about the base of the trunk, may result in a severe infestation by 

 this borer, and, ultimately, in the loss of the tree. (PL I, fig. a.) 

 Bruises on the trunk made by singletrees or farm tools; cavities 

 resulting from improper pruning; areas killed by winter injury, sun 

 scald, fire blight, collar rot, flatheaded borers (Chrysobothris femorata 

 Fab.) and roundheaded borers (Saperda Candida Fab.) are some of 

 the primary injuries that may result in attacks by the Parandra 

 borer. 



When a tree is first attacked the beetles insert their eggs into the 

 surface wood of the dead spots, usually after more or less decay has 

 progressed, and the larvse or borers extend their burrows throughout 

 the adjacent heartwood and occasionally into the surrounding live 

 sapwood. The borers mine throughout the wood for a period of 

 probably three years, extending their galleries upward more fre- 

 quently than downward, and finally transform to beetles within the 



i Packard, A. S. Fifth Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission. Washington, 1890. P. 223. 

 "Parandra brunneaFsbbr. Under bark. (Chittenden.)"; p. 530, " Found under bark of domestic cherry, 

 are very common. " 



2 Snyder, T. E. Damage to chestnut telephone and telegraph poles by Avood-boring insects. U. S. Dept. 

 Agr., Bur. Ent., Bui. 94, Pt. I, p. 6, Dec. 31, 1910. 



s Hart, C A. The heart-wood borer (Parandra brunnea Fabr.). In 26th Rpt. HI. State Ent., p. 68-73, 

 figs. 5. 1911. 



