10 BULLETIN 1223, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
In the autumn, when the leaves begin to fade and fall, these larv 
move to more permanent places, locating in the crevices of the bark 
on the twigs and branches (Pl. [V, A) and clustering about the win- | 
ter buds, where they spend the winter. Some of the larve fail to | 
move from the leaves before these fall from the trees, and are carried 
considerable distances by the wind. Some of these die from starva- 
tion, while others crawl up the trunks of near-by trees to new feeding 
grounds. 
The first-stage larve excrete very httle wax, but the second-stage 
larvee are weil covered with sugary-appearing particles of it. This 
protects them in the winter from frost and rain and incidentally 
makes them immune to any mild form of spray material. 
The larvee remain in the second stage for from six to seven months, 
or from late summer to late winter or early spring. The male larve 
are the first to leave their winter quarters. In fact, some of them 
do not wait for winter to end, for on the first mild days in late 
January they begin to form their cocoons in which to pupate. They 
seem to be particularly fond of making their cocoons (Pl. IV, 2) on 
dead twigs or branches, in the bark crevices, or near the crotches of 
living limbs. Their cocoons may even be found massed together in 
large white patches (Pl. V, 4) on smooth exposed parts of the trunk 
or branches. 
ACTIVITIES OF THE MALE. 
The cocoon is made of waxy threads, secreted from the pores on 
the body of the larva. These are woven and twisted about until a 
definite covering has been formed. After completing the cocoon, 
which requires several days, the larva changes to a prepupa, which is 
the first dormant stage in the transformation from larva to adult. 
A definite molt takes place at this time, the cast skin being pushed 
out through a shit in the rear end of the cocoon. 
A week or so later another molt occurs, this time to a true pupa, 
the second cast skin being pushed back out of the cocoon. (PI. VI, 
5.) This stage occupies from one to two weeks, whereupon the pupa 
changes either to a winged (Pl. VI, 4) or a wingless (PI. VI, 2, 2) 
adult male. All the first pupe to transform become wingless males, 
while all the last become winged males. During part of the inter- 
vening time both winged and wingless adults can be found, together 
with different forms between these two extremes. For instance, - 
some males will have partly formed to nearly fully formed wings, 
while the wax anal filaments may vary from partly formed to full 
length or even be entirely lacking on either extreme. ‘Temperature 
and humidity probably cause these variations. E. P. Felt (7), of 
New York, reports a definite period occurring between the appear- 
ance of the two forms of the adult male in the State. There is no 
such period in the West. 
The wax filaments may be seen protruding from the cocoons for 
a day or so before the males emerge (Pl. VI, 7). which they accom- 
plish by backing out. They live only a few days, dying soon after 
they mate, 
