18 BULLETIN 1223, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
trees is not as great as in the West. This insect infests only elms, 
doing damage particularly to young trees, but killing twigs and 
branches of the older ones. It causes the leaves to turn yellow and 
drop early, besides making foliage and ground black and sticky 
from its secretion of honeydew. 
The first-stage larva is a small, yellowish, oval object about 0.5 
millimeters long. The second-stage larva is over twice as long 
as the first, and is reddish brown, but appearing gray from the 
waxy coat on its back. The adult female is large and oval, about 
2 millimeters long, and of a dull red-brown or green-brown color, 
surrounded by a white cottony fringe of wax. 
The second-stage larvee hibernate in the bark crevices and about. 
the winter buds. In early spring the male larve form cocoons 
and transform in them to adults. By this time the female larve 
have molted and seek a sheltered place on the underside of the limbs 
and branches. After mating they form a waxy fringe about their 
bodies and in late spring or early summer begin to deposit their 
egos. This they continue to do throughout the summer, and upon 
completing oviposition they shrivel and die. The larve hatch very 
soon from these eggs and crawl to the midribs of the leaves or in 
some case remain in the bark crevices. All molt to the second stage. 
Those on the leaves move in the fall to more premanent winter 
quarters on the twigs and about the buds, where they remain until 
activity begins again in the early spring. 
Several lady-beetles feed upon the European elm scale but are 
not plentiful enough to be considered as important enemies. A num- 
ber of sprays have been experimented with, but only washing in 
the spring with a solid stream of water and spraying in the winter 
with a solution of 23° to 28° Baumé miscible oil, 1 part oil to 12 parts 
water, have proved effective in the control of this pest. 
LITERATURE CITED. 
(dl) CooLEy, Roa: 
1898. Notes on some Massachusetts Coccidae. In U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. 
Ent.. Bul. 17,/n. 's., p. 61-65. 
(2) CrRAw, ALEXANDER. 
1894. Entomology and quarantine. Jn 4th Bienn. Rept. Sta. Bd. Hort. 
Calif., 1893-1894, p. 79-109, pl. 37-88, figs. 
(3) Dotren, SAMUEL B. 
1908. The European elm scale. Nevada Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 65. 34 p., 
14 pil. 
CN eae 
1910. Spraying trees for the elm scale. Nevada Agr. Exp. Sta. Cire. 6. 
6 p., 3 fig. 
(5) 
1912. The European elm scale. Jn Mo. Bul. Calif. Sta. Comm. Hort., 
v. 1, no. 3, p. 89-100, fig. 28-37. 
(6) Essic, E. O. 
1915. Injurious and beneficial insects of California. Suppl. Mo. Bul. 
Calif. Sta. Hort. Comm. 541 .(-+lxxxi) p., 503 fig. : 
(7) FELT, EPHRAIM PORTER. 
1905. Elm bark louse. N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, p. 203-207. Bibliog- 
rapiy. Wa 20K. 
(8) HartTzeELit, ALBERT. 
1921. Distribution of the European elm scale. Jn Proce. Iowa Acad. 
Sci. for 1921, v. 28, p. 201-205, fig. 31. 
