4 BULLETIN 868, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
range. The starling has been introduced and established as an inte- 
gral part of the fauna of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, South 
Africa, and the United States. 
In North America attempts have been made to establish it at Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio (1872, 1873); Quebec, Canada (1875); Central Park, 
New York City (1877, 1887, 1890, 1891); Portland, Oreg. (1889, 
1892); Allegheny, Pa. (1897); Springfield, Mass. (1897); Bay Ridge, 
N. Y.; and a fey other localities. The bird gained a foothold at 
Portland, but now is scarce or extinct in that vicinity. Apparently 
the introductions of 1890 and 1891 into Central Park, New York 
City, are the ones which resulted in the permanent establishment of 
the species, and from this colony have been derived the thousands 
of birds now scattered over the northeastern United States. 
The starling has not spread with the rapidity characterizing the 
English sparrow’s occupation of the country. One reason is that 
this bird apparently does not travel in box cars; another, that it 
has not been introduced into so many localities nor carried from 
place to place by man. Nevertheless, it has steadily widened its 
breeding range and each year performs more and more extensive 
migrations. 
For six years after its first successful introduction into Central Park 
the starling did not breed beyond the limits of greater New York. 
In 1896 it was confined as a breeding species to New York City, 
Brooklyn, and Staten Island. By 1902 it had reached Norwalk, 
Conn., and Ossining, N. Y., on the north; and Bayonne, N. J., on the 
south. By 1906, territory as far north as Wethersfield, Conn., and 
as far southwest as Trevose, Pa., was occupied. In 1908, Providence, 
R. I., and Philadelphia marked the extremes of its breeding range; 
and by 1913, Hadley, Mass., and Westchester, Pa., had been reached. 
The bird bred not far from Washington, D. C., in the summer of 1916 
and in the same season was found breeding as far north as the south- 
ern boundaries of New Hampshire and Vermont, while toward the 
northwest it had extended its breeding range as far as Oneida County, 
N. Y. (see map, fig. 1). Inits post-breeding wanderings the starling 
has been recorded from a much greater area, extending in 1916 from 
southern Maine to Norfolk, Va. On November 10, 1917, one speci- 
men was collected as far south as Savannah, Ga. Inland it has been 
seen at Rochester, N. Y., Wheeling, W. Va., and in east central Ohio. 
As a breeder the starling is by no means uniformly distributed 
throughout its range. In the first place, it is decidedly partial to 
thickly settled agricultural sections. It shows also a preference for 
the vicinity of the coast and the larger river valleys, and in its spread 
over the country lowlands are populated first. In the strip of terri- 
- tory from New York City to New Haven, Conn., where the starling 
in 1916 seemed to be the most abundant breeding bird, it was con- 
