UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BULLETIN No. 868 as 
Contribution from the Bureau of Biological Survey 
E. W. NELSON, Chief 
- Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER January 10, 1921 
ECONOMIC VALUE OF THE STARLING 
IN THE UNITED STATES 
a 
By 
E. R. KALMBACH and I. N. GABRIELSON 
Assistant Biologists 
CONTENTS 
Page 
Problems Raised by the Starling Food Habits in the United States—Contd. 
_pources of Information ; Vegetable Food of Adults—Contd. 
Distribution and Abundance F Small Grain 
Description Garden Truck 
Life History Wild Fruit 
Economic Status in Other Countries. . . Miscellaneous Vegetable Food . 
Food Habits in the United States .... _ Food of Nesitlings 
Animal Food of Adults Observations from Blind ... . 
Insects Stomach Examination 
Millipeds Animal Food........... 2 Al 
Spiders Vegetable Food 
Mollusks Food Preferences at Different 
Miscellaneous Animal Food . . 
Vegetable Food of Adults Relation to Other Species of Birds . . 
Cherries Natural Enemies 
Berries Eradication of Roosts 
Contro] Measures 
Legislation 
Summary of Evidence 
Conclusion 
WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE’ 
1921 ~ 
