20 DEPARTMENT BULLETIN 1267, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 
A less obvious difference between the sexes is, as pointed out by 
Casey, in the form of the pygidium, which is slightly shorter, more 
convex, and more broadly rounded at the apex in the male than in 
the female. 
The male claspers (fig. 11) are symmetrical, each consisting of a 
vertical flange resembling that of Ligyrus gibbosus (fig. 12) but 
considerably smaller and slenderer and with the upturned process 
on its postero-lateral face more nearly basal, toothlike, and extending 
obliquely backward. The female genitalia consist of two pairs of 
almost flat plates—a large 
superior and a small in- 
ferior pair, the latter 
fringed apically with short 
hairs. A pubic process is 
lacking. 
TIME OF EMERGENCE 
FIG. §.—Ventral view of tip of abdomen of adult The earliest date on which 
mee Dey Hie ogy structural char- adults of the newly emerged 
generation have been ob- 
served under laboratory conditions at Tappahannock is August 13. 
This was in 1915, when an adult, reared from a larva collected June 
30, appeared in one of the breeding boxes. The earliest date on 
which adults have been found in the field is August 24 (in 1915 and 
1916). 
The period of emergence extends throughout the last part of 
August and the whole of September and October, although ordi- 
narily relatively few appear to emerge later than the end of Sep- 
tember. The latest emergence of which there is record is of two 
individuals which developed in the breeding boxes early in November. 
In 1915 the majority of the 
beetles emerged between 
September 1 and Septem- 
ber 25, the period between 
September 10 and Septem- 
ber 20 being especially pro- 
lific in emergences. 
COLOR CHANGES 
Fig. 10.—Ventral view of tip of abdomen of adult 
When the adults emerge  Gharitiem (Prawn by tines Bore ee 
from the pupa they differ 
greatly in color from the typical mature beetles. The earliest changes 
in color take place during the closing days of pupal existence, while 
the adult is still inclosed within the pupal integument. These 
changes involve only the head and thorax, which at the time of 
emergence are already well chitinized and bright orange red. The 
elytra, however, at this time are quite soft and colorless, but assume 
a pale creamy hue within an hour or two, also becoming perceptibly 
firmer; in a few hours more this changes to a bright orange. The 
following day, under normal conditions, the color of the elytra 
gradually grows darker, becoming a vermilion red or Indian red. 
In the meantime the head and thorax have been changing color 
TO enn ginny 
of 
Mas WAR; 
