54 BULLETIN 1496, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
removed. Stands with less than 500,000 board feet to the 40 acres 
are more of a problem unless very accessible and easily logged, in 
which case the same method as above could be employed. (PI. 6, 
B and C.) 
SLASH DISPOSAL 
Whether the timber is clear cut or partially cut, slash should be 
disposed of over the entire area by burning in piles at the time of 
logging and before skidding. As previously stated, this method has 
been proved to be successful for this type. 
PROBABLE YIELDS AND COSTS 
What future crops the land will produce will depend largely upon 
the manner of cutting the old timber. If the forest is cut clean and 
no seed is available immediately before or at the time of logging, 
there may be no second growth of Norway or white pine, and, there- 
fore, no future yields of these species;.in their place may be either a 
scattering stand of jack pine, which in 40 years will yield from 5 to 
10 cords per acre, or in the better white pine land a stand of aspen, 
which in 40 years will also yield on an average about 10 cords per acre. 
Even under simple forest measures, such as fire protection, leaving 
a few seed trees, or logging during good seed years, the resulting 
stand of Norway and white pine may produce 8,000 to 10,000 board 
feet per acre in 80 years. Under partial cutting, or clear cutting 
with planting, Norway and white pine may be expected to produce 
in 80 years, on an average for good and poor soils, about 20,000 
board feet, or to grow at the rate of some 250 board feet per acre 
per year. 
The costs involve for the simplest measures only fire protection, in 
addition to annual taxes and interest on the value of the land. 
Under forest management there will be, aside from these, either 
carrying charges on the reserved stumpage, or the cost of planting 
up the cut-over lands. The latter will involve an expenditure of 
about $7 per acre. 
JACK PINE 
PERPETUATING PRESENT STANDS 
If the aim is to perpetuate the present jack-pine forests in the 
Lake States, clear cutting is all that is needed. Precaution should 
be taken, however, not to make the clear cuttings contiguous over 
too large an area. For the sake of safety, the clearings should be not 
larger than 40 aces. Jack-pine reproduction will foliow on all 
save the heaviest soils, but with repeated burning the quality will 
become poorer. On the poorest sandy soils, where the area has not 
been denuded by repeated hard burns, second growth may be so thick 
that early thinnings will be necessary to avoid stagnation and to get 
the best results. 
PARTIAL CUTTING TO INCREASE PROPORTION OF NORWAY PINE AND WHITE PINE 
The timber owner, however, unless interested only in pulpwood, 
will find that growing Norway pine and white pine will prove 
more profitable in the long run than the growing of jack pine. 
