LOGGING PRACTICE IN THE LAKE STATES 7 
although the abundance of beech and hemlock varies greatly. In 
western Wisconsin, and especially in Minnesota, the character of 
the forest is modified, and sugar maple and basswood with a little 
elm (Ulmus americana) and yellow birch make up the type. What 
is known in western Wisconsin and Minnesota as the hardwood type 
is largely aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula 
papyrifera), which have come up after fires. 
Northern white pine once attained its best development within 
this type, the evidence of this taking the form of scattered, big trees, 
doubtless remnants of a much denser stand of white pine which was 
gradually crowded out by incoming hardwoods. Most of the white 
pine has now been removed from these hardwood stands. The hard- 
wood forest is on fair to good agricultural land, much of which, 
were there a demand for it, might be cleared, settled, and farmed. 
NORTHERN 
CONIFER -HARDHOOD 
REGION. 
“700° OAK-HICHORY 
2m mn “et KB 
i BO ra capagi 
ry 
Fig. 1.—The northern aces and the oak-hickory regions of the Lake 
ates 
PINELANDS 
The present pinelands vary from barrens, which contain little 
but grass, sweet fern, blueberry, and willow bushes, and scrubby 
jack pine (Pius bankstana), through typical jack-pine lands to 
excellent stands of Norway pine (P. restnosa) and northern white 
pine (P. strobus), as found on the Minnesota National Forest. 
The two types that need be considered are Norway and white pine 
and jack pine. 
NORWAY AND WHITE PINE 
These two pines, as a rule, intermingle. On better lands white 
pine predominates; on the lighter soils, Norway pine. Originally 
white pine occurred as a distinct forest, chiefly in the central part of 
_ Michigan and Wisconsin and the east-central part of Minnesota 
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