62 BULLETIN 1496, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
JACK PINE 
First essential reforestation measures 
Fire pro- Complete fire protection to growing stands. 
tection. State-wide protection supplemented by pro- 
R tection of individual tracts. 
Slash dis- As a general rule, slash to be disposed of pro- 
posal. gressively over entire area as cutting pro- 
ceeds and before skidding. In inaccessible 
places, comparatively free from fire danger, 
slash may be left on the ground unburned. 
Methodsof Clear or partial cutting, just as market condi- 
cutting. tions may dictate, except on the thin out- 
crop soils in northern Minnesota, where par- 
tial cutting should be preferred. 
Vield@2..-- About 20 cords an acre average in 40 years, in- 
cluding all kinds of jack-pine land, good, 
bad, and indifferent. 
Costs_..--- No other expense except fire protection, annual 
taxes, and interest on land. Slash disposal 
chargeable to logging operation and not tim- 
ber growing. 
Forest management 
Complete fire protection to growing stands. 
State-wide protection supplemented by 
protection of individual tracts. 
As a general rule, slash to be disposed of pro- 
gressively over entire area as cutting pro- 
ceeds and before skidding. 
To perpetuate jack pine, clean or partial cut- 
ting as market conditions may demand. 
To convert jack pine into other pine stands, 
partial cutting at first and removal of stand 
when reproduction of valuable species is 
established, or clear cutting jack pine with 
subsequent planting. 
Pure jack pine stands in 40 years, from 16 
cords an acre and practically no saw logs 
on poor soils to 35 cords, or 5,500 board feet 
plus 20 cords of pulpwood on the better 
soils. In mixture with Norway or white 
pine, yield varies from that of pure jack 
pine to that of pure Norway or white pine. 
Besides fire protection, taxes, and interest on 
land, there is additional cost of obtaining 
fully stocked stands or thinning over- 
stocked stands at from $2 to $3 per acre, 
and carrying charges on portion of jack- 
pine stumpage left on the ground, or plant- 
ing costs. 
ASPEN AND BIRCH 
First essential reforestation measures 
Fire pro- Complete fire protection---_-.--_..-_-.-------- 
tection. State-wide protection supplemented by spe- 
cial protection of individual tracts. 
Slash dis- Noslash disposal, except on safety strips along 
posal. logging roads, highways, etc. 
Methodsof No change in present method of cutting. 
cutting. Clean cutting or partial cutting as market 
conditions justify. 
Wields sou. On good white-pine lands, pure aspen pro- 
duces in 40 years about 15 cords of pulpwood. 
Costs= = Expense of fire protection at 3 cents an acre, 
in addition to annual taxes and interest on 
investment in land. 
Forest management 
Complete fire protection. 
State-wide protection supplemented by spe- 
cial protection of individual tracts. 
No slash disposal, except on safety strips 
along logging roads, highways, etc. 
To perpetuate aspen, clean or partial cutting 
as market conditions may demand. To 
convert aspen stands to coniferous stands, 
complete or partial removal of aspen cover 
where natural reproduction of white pine or 
white spruce is on the ground. If no 
natural reproduction is present, under- 
planting aspen with conifers at the rate of 
100 to 200 plants per acre and removal of 
aspen cover about 10 years after planting. 
In pure aspen stands, in 40-45 years, 15 to 
ay cords; or in board measure 2,000 to 8,000 
eet. 
To perpetuate aspen, no additional expenses 
beyond ordinary fire protection, taxes, and 
interest on land. To convert aspen into 
coniferous stands, cuttings to liberate 
natural reproduction of conifers or under- 
Planting with conifers, at a cost of $2 to $3 
per acre, and technical supervision. 
