XVI. WwW. H. WARREN. 
senting from 14 to 1? cubic yards. The cost included the removal 
of the deposit a distance of three miles to the dumping ground. 
In Glasgow I saw the various dock works in course of construc- 
tion by the Clyde Navigation Trust. The foundations upon 
which the dock walls are built, consist of concrete cylinders which 
are arranged in three rows. The rings are made each 2’ 5}” deep 
and are 1’ 11” thick with an internal core of 5' 94” diameter. The 
rings are moulded separately in wooden moulds, and the cylinders 
are made to break bond, and are dovetailed into each other. The 
cylinders are sunk by loading with cast iron rings, and excavated 
from the inside by means of grab-diggers. A casting with a 
cutting edge is bolted to the bottom course to facilitate sinking. 
After the cylinders have been sunk to a proper foundation, the 
core is filled with concrete and the dock wall is built up of con- 
crete rubble, many of the stones used weighing from two to three 
tons each: The fall is faced with concrete ashlar in courses 18” 
to 15” thick with a granite coping. A single row of triple 
cylinders makes a wall of 16’ 34” wide. I am indebted to the 
chief engineer Mr. James Deas for the following particulars of 
the cost of this work :—Excavating high ground and depositing 
in water space, 7d. per cubic yard. Excavating in sinking 
cylinders and depositing in water space ls, per cubic yard. 
Filling in cylinders with concrete eight to one in lower part and 
nine to one in upper part 10s. 6d. per cubic yard. Moulded con- 
crete ashlar blocks including facing with granulite, and setting 
in work 1ld. per cubic foot. Concrete rubble backing 10s. pet 
cubic yard. Dredging out water space and depositing by hoppe 
barges in Loch Losy, 6d. per cubic yard. 
In Glasgow, Sir Wm. Arrol was good enough to show me the 
various works in progress in connection with the underground 
railway and subway, which involves a very entensive system of 
underpinning the foundations of the houses on each side of the 
street, under which the railway has been constructed and getting 
in the side walls and girders without interfering with the 
ordinary Street traffic. I also saw the rebuilding of one of the 
