XXIV. W. H. WARREN. 
Switches are arranged at the foot of the controlling cylinder so 
that either motor may be thrown out of the circuit, the throwing 
of either switch sets a stop automatically preventing the turning 
of the cylinder beyond the proper limit. The setting of the 
reversing handle indicates which way the car will move, but this 
cannot be moved until the power cylinder is thrown off, so that 
the car cannot be reversed at full speed. A dial on the cap plate 
indicates at what point the connections of the cylinder are set. _ 
Brakes.—Electric cars should be provided with an efficient 
brake for stopping them quickly whenever necessary. 
While attending the Street Railway Convention at Montreal, 
I had an opportunity of studying what appeared to be a most 
efficient form of electric brake, which is used in conjunction with 
the Series Parallel Controller just described, it is operated by 
throwing the controller handle into the breaking position, which 
converts the motors into special dynamos for generating current 
at very low speeds, cuts off all connection with the trolly current 
and applies the brakes. The rheostats and contacts employed 
to control the motors while running the car, are also employ ed 
to control the current generated by the motors, which is needed 
to apply the brake. The power required therefore to perform the 
work of stopping the car is taken from the energy of the moving 
car itself, which it is the function of the brake to destroy. Not 
only is the car thus retarded, but the electric brakes arrest the 
motion of the wheels direct, with a force which is remarkably 
powerful and under perfect control of the motor man. 
Another very satisfactory brake is that made by the Standard 
Air Brake Company, which is of the compressed air non-automati¢ 
type, and it is used by the Railway Commission here in Sydney 
for street cars. 
As to the cost of working Electrical Tramways as compared 
with Cable Tramways :— 
The cable tramway for very heavy traffic on a straight, or 
moderately straight line, is at present more economical than the 
