ARTIFICIAL REFRIGERATION AND ICE MAKING. XXXV. 
of Windhausen, Bell Coleman, Haslam, Lightfoot, Halland others 
are associated, and which were the first that were successful in 
carrying meat from Australia to Europe. In 1850 Carre invented 
the ammonia absorption process. Between the years 1850 and 
1860 Professor Twining in America, and Mr. James Harrison of 
Geelong, in Australia, devoted themselves to the improvement of 
Perkins’ ether machine, probably without either inventor knowing 
what the other was doing, as there was not much communication 
between the two countries in those days. Twining is said to 
have had a machine at work between 1855 and 1857 in the State 
of Ohio, and Harrison, in the year 1855, was at work in Victoria 
and had made ice at Geelong. In the year 1859 the Harrison 
machines were introduced into New South Wales and manu- 
factured by Messrs. P. N. Russell & Co., the author, at that time 
in the drawing office of the firm, was connected with this work 
from its initiation. 
The original drawing of these machines is shewn on the wall, 
from which Fig. 2 is a reduction, as will be seen they were made 
with slide valves to the ether pump. One of them was at work 
at the rear of the Royal Hotel, George Street, Sydney, and sup- 
plied i ice to a regular list of customers in the following year. In 
the same year (1860) Messrs. P. N. Russell made more Harrison 
machines to a horizontal design worked out by the author, who 
was then their chief draughtsman. These worked for many years 
in New South Wales and Victoria. Messrs. Siebe, of London, 
had introduced the Harrison machine into England about the 
Same time, and it is generally admitted in both America and 
England, that the very first ice machine ever adopted successfully 
for manufacturing purposes was one of Harrison’s Australian 
ether machines made by Siebe, and applied ‘to the extraction of 
paraffin from shale oil in 1861. Dr. Kirk invented a sort of regener- 
ative air machine in 1862, which was also used for the cooling of 
! Two original drawings of these machines made by the author and 
were exhibited, the larger one was printed in the Engineer, London, 
the same year. 
