J7ti DAHLGREN, THE DISCOVERY OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 



nautical leadership of Urdaneta - - but perhaps we get a more faithful picture of his work 

 in a chart published by Antonio de Herrera (Fig. 18). 1 To judge from this, however, 

 the chart praised so highly by Juan de Grijalva was a ratlier poor piece of work. It is 

 chiefly distinguished by the absence of the excrescences that Ortelius and Plancius gave 

 to the outlines of the continents; but it gives us no contribution to the cartographical 

 historv of the islands, for in the group of three islands that Herrera drew south-west of 

 California, and to only one of which he gave a name, Roca Partida, we can scarcely 

 recognize the islands that are the subject of our investigation.- 



That the original which Herrera copied was richer in details than the map which is 

 'nere being discussed, is evident from another map, No. 14, in the same work. On this 

 map. which represents the western part of the Pacific, we see inter alla east of the 

 Ladrones dos hermanas, and a group of three islands — S. Juan, S. bernabe, and y a de los 

 martires — which, sometimes with slightly altered names, sometimes with the common 

 appellation Los Jardines, are found on låter charts. 



More important for us is a chart drawn in 1641 at Lisbon by an otherwise unknown 

 cartographer, Antonio Sanches (Pl. I). It is thus a Portuguese work: but. so far as 

 the Pacific Ocean is concerned, it is clearly based on Spanish sources. 



If we compare it with Plancius' map, we find several novelties. Between the Ladrones 

 and Malabrigo there appear a number of islands with the names y as nnevas, Vulcan nuevo, 

 and Bulcanes. Nothing is known about their discoverer; but they ought quite certainly 

 to be reckoned amongst the Volcano Archipelago, and possibly one or other of them is 

 one of those volcanic formations which, after a comparatively short existence, again 

 disappeared. 3 Further towards the north-east we see the three islands Una Colinia, Dos 

 Colunas, and Dezierta, which already occur in Plancius; and still further away in the same 

 direction Rica de oro, Rica de platå, and el Armenio, of which we have also spöken before 

 in another connection (p. 77). Due east of the Ladrones lie first three islands, S. Jeronimo, 

 S. Bernardo, and los Martires, and further on a group with the names los Frailes and Dos 

 Companeras. We shall meet with both these groups again, with other names, on låter 



1 Descripvion de las Indias Ocidentales, Madrid 1601, Tab. 1. 



- It should be observed, bowever, that Herrera says (ibid. p. 32): "Al Sur de la punta de California 

 esta la isla Anublada, y la de Santo Tomas, y la de Flores, y otra que se dize las Mönjas". The same note 

 is repeated verbatim in an anonymous and undated ''Demarcacion y division de las Indias 7 " {Gol. de docum. 

 ined. rél. al descubrimiento de America, XV, p. 462). Cf. above p. 60, note 2. 



3 These regions exhibit, in our days also, a lively submarine volcanic activity. In 1880 the U. S. 

 Steanier "Alert" saw, north of the island of S. Alessandro, a submarine volcano in full activity (E. Rudolph, 

 Uebcr submarine Erdbebcn und Eruptionen, in Gerland's Beiträgen zur Geophysik, Bd. I, Stuttgart 1887, p. 

 247). "Violent submarine eruptions occurred till 1889 on the NW. of Kitaiwo-jima (San Alessandro), by which 

 the water was raised several hundred feet above the seadevel" (S. Yoshiwara, Geologic Age of the Bonin 

 Islands, in Geol. Magazine, Dec. IV, Vol. IX, 1902, p. 302). At the eud of 1904 there was formed, south-east of 

 Sulphur Island, a new island, 480 feet high and 2 3 /i miles in circumference. It was visited by some Japanese, 

 who planted a flag on its summit and called the island Nii-shima (Geogr. Journal, XXV, 1905, p. 531). This 

 island, however, has since disappeared; but in 1914 Mr. W. G. Vieth observed, in the yacht "Tilikam II" in 

 about the same spöt a similar isle-formation. He says: '"At about 9 a. m. on February 14, we sighted a cloud 

 of thick blackish smoke rapidly shooting up from the sea in column shape. About noon we came quite closc 

 to the island, which is of circular form, about one mile in diameter, 600 feet high, with a crater in the centre, 

 opening to the SE. It is 3 miles distant in NW. direction from San Agustino. the southernmost of the Volcano 

 group" (Geogr. Journal, XLIV, p. 316). 



