188 DAHLGREN, THE DISCOVERY OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 



The Stockholm chart (Pl. VI). Both Anson's and La Pérouse's charts are sub- 

 stantially altered copies of originals that no longer exist. Apart from the above-mentioned 

 Seville chart, only one chart intended for the voyages of the Manila galleons, so far as 

 I know, has been preserved to our own times. This I came upon some years ago in the 

 Library of the Roj^al Academ}^ of Science at Stockholm, where it had presumably lain 

 forgotten for more than a centnry. I have not been able to ascertain how the chart came 

 to Sweden. It is most probable that it dates from the time of the Swedish East India 

 Company in the eighteenth century, though it is not mentioned in the oldest and 

 only printed catalogue of the Academy Library (1768), despite the fact that it includes 

 most of the still existing journals of the Company' s captains, and most of the maps, Chinese 

 books and paintings etc. brought home by them. Supposing that this surmise as to the 

 origin of the chart is correct, one may regard it as probable that the chart was presented 

 to the Academy by its member, Captain Carl Gustaf Ekeberg, who made ten voyages 

 to China between the years 1742 and 1778. He is known as a friend of Linnaeus and a 

 collector on his behalf of natural objects from the distant lands he visited. He also devoted 

 a lively interest to nautical matters, himself drew up charts of the East Indian waters, 

 and was "even by other nations regarded as the greatest navigatör who had ever sailed 

 to the East Indies". 1 He stood in correspondence with the Hydrographer of the English 

 East India Company, Alexander Dalrymple, and commmiicated his observations to him. 

 It seems therefore to be highly probable that Ekeberg, in the course of his work for the 

 improvement of hydrography, acquired the chart now under discussion. 



It is evident that this is a Spanish work. Although a number of mistakes occur in 

 the names, these are not greater than could be explained by the mechanical way in which 

 such works were wont to be executed. That it was intended for practical use is shown by 

 the dimensions (175 X 70 cm. ); and the quality of the paper shows that it is of East Indian 

 origin. 2 It may be assumed, therefore, that the chart was drawn at Manila for the use of 

 the pilots of the galleon trade, or was possibly copied there to the order of some person 

 interested in nautical matters. 



Landmarks for the dating of the chart are to be found in Islas de S. Tecla, which 

 answers to the islands that, according to Delisle and Anson, were discovered in 1664, in 

 Islas de 1688, in Rozario, discovered in 1702, and in Farellones descubiertos el ano de 1716 

 (Alijos Rocks). Further guidance in the dating is given us in some islands which the 

 Stockholm chart places east of Mindanao: we here find a larger island P antog and, south- 

 west thereof, two smaller islands, S. Andres, and a group of islands, repeated no less than 

 three times, called Garbanzos. 



The first name appears under the form Panlog 3 for the f irst time on a map that the 

 Jesuit Andres Serrano brought back to Europé in 1705, and which was engraved in the 



1 A. Sparrman, Aminnelse-tal öfver framledne Capitainen . . . Herr Carl Gust. Ekeberg, hållet för 

 Kongl. Vetenskaps Acad. d. I Dec. 1790. Stockholm 1791, p. 19. 



2 The paper has been examined by Professor Gustaf Sellergren of the Technical High School at 

 Stockholm, who has kindly informed me that the paper on which the chart is drawn consists exclusively of 

 Bainboo fihre, and that the paper on which the drawing is mounted consists of bast fibre of the Paper Mulberry 

 tree, Broussonetia papyrifera. Both kinds of paper therefore are in all probability of Chinese or Japanese origin. 



3 The island of Panlog is also found on the Seville chart, although the name cannot be made out in 

 the photograph; S. Andres, on the other hand, seems to be missing there. 



