A DISTRICT HOSPITAL I ITS CONSTRUCTION AND COST. 119 



openings are not relatively proportionate, but the inlets as described 

 will on the side of the building away from the wind act as 

 outlets. These openings will be afforded for outlet purposes in the 

 smaller wards by two tubes running from the ceiling through the 

 roof-space each of 12 inches diameter; they should be capped 

 above the ridge with a fixed exhaust cowl. I should prefer Boyle's^ 

 but Kershaw's or Stevens may be used, the latter being adopted 

 at Kiama. The inlets should be disposed in two rows ; one a little 

 below the ceiling, the other a few inches above the floor. 'The 

 former may consist of eight air-bricks, having each a nett opening 

 of 24 inches ; on the inside they should be guarded by a flap set 

 at an angle like that of a Sherringham ventilator, but fixed ; so as 

 to deflect an entering current against the ceiling. The lower set 

 should consist of air-bricks, each having a nett opening of about 

 12 inches, one of which should be set in the wall under the head 

 of each bed. It is important to remember that air-bricks should 

 be measured by the extent of nett opening they afford. Under 

 the same head the warming apparatus must be mentioned ; for 

 this would be imperfect and even hurtful unless it were a means 

 of ventilation as well. The apparatus I have selected as most 

 suitable for the present building is the Calorigen ; of which 4 a few 

 were imported at my instance by Messrs Maclean, Higgs <k Co., 

 some being subsequently used at Kiama. You are doubtless 

 aware that this consists essentially of a slow combustion 

 chamber for coal or coke through which winds a spiral duct 

 communicating with the external air and with the ward ; so that 

 warmed fresh air is introduced by it. The fire draws its air for 

 combustion from the ward. This is an excellent invention, very 

 widely used ; and although I believe that no form of stove designed 

 for a similar purpose is equal to a Galton grate, yet this is so much 

 simpler and is suitable for so many situations where the former 

 cannot be fixed, that it seems to me to run it close. In the winter, 

 if the Calorigen is proportioned to the size of the ward, all other 

 ventilating inlets may be closed ; but I do not recommend that 

 they should be provided in this case with means of closing, since 

 nurses and patients alike are prone to shut ventilators, if they have 

 the means, when they should be open. The measurements just 

 given are for the smaller wards : they should be doubled for the 

 large one. It must not be supposed however that wards are the 

 only rooms which require ventilation. Every room in the building 

 should be provided with the same proportion of outlet ventilator ; 

 only the inlets, because the rooms are not continuously occupied, 

 or because the doors must for the most part stand open, as in the 

 kitchen for instance, may be reduced by one-half, or even more. 



Lighting. — The proportion of glazed surface to cubic space 

 which I have chosen is rather more than 1 square foot to every 60 



