OUTLINES OF BOTANY. XXX1J1 



and, as in many cases carpels united in the flower may become separate as they 

 ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result from a syncarpous pistil. 



148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate 

 fruits, but very seldom so in single ones. 



149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when 

 ripe it falls off with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it. 



150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists 

 and forms part of the fruit; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or 

 the calyx of perigynous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round 

 the fruit, or the lobes alone fall off, or the lobes fall off with whatever part of 

 the calyx is above the insertion of the petals, or the whole of what is free from 

 the ovary falls off, including the disk bearing the petals. The calyx of hypo- 

 gynous flowers usually falls off entirely or persists entirely. In general a calyx 

 is called deciduous if any part falls off. When it persists it is either enlarged 

 round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up. 



151. The corolla usually falls off entirely ; when it persists it is usually 

 withered and dry (marcescent), or very seldom enlarges round the fruit. 



152. The stamens either fall off, or more or less of their filaments persists, 

 usually withered and dry. 



153. The style sometimes falls off or dries up and disappears ; sometimes 

 persists, forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other 

 appendage to the fruit. 



154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and what- 

 ever adheres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of 

 the persistent receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round the 

 ovary without adhering to it. 



155. Fruits have often external appendages called wings (alae), beaks, crests, 

 awns, etc., according to their appearance. They are either formed by persistent 

 parts of the flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the per- 

 sistent part of the calyx. If the appendage be a ring of hairs or scales round 

 the top of the fruit, it is called a pappus. 



156. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fleshy ^ pulpy, and 

 juicy fruits) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let 

 out the seeds, indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but fall off with 

 the seeds. Succulent fruits are usually indehiscent. 



157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are 



the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, 

 with the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the Epicarp. The seeds 

 themselves are usually immersed in the pulp ; but in some berries, the seeds 

 are separated from the pulp by the walls of the cavity or cells of the ovary, which 

 form as it were a thin inner skin or rind, called the JEndocarp. 



the Drupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct por- 

 tions, an outer succulent one called the Sarcocarp (covered like the berry by a 

 skin or epicarp), and an inner dry endocarp called the Putamen, which is either 

 cartilaginous (of the consistence of parchment) or hard and woody. In the latter 

 case it is commonly called a stone, and the drupe a stone-fruit. 



158. The principal kinds of dry fruits are 



the Capsule or Pod* which is dehiscent. When ripe the pericarp usually 

 splits longitudinally into as many or twice as many pieces, called valves, as it 

 contains cells or placentas. If these valves separate at the line of junction of the 

 carpels, that is, along the line of the placentas or dissepiments, either splitting 

 them or leaving them attached to the axis, the dehiscence is termed septicidal ; 

 if the valves separate between the placentas or dissepiment, the dehiscence is 



* In English descriptions, fori is more frequently used when it is long and 

 narrow ; capsule, or sometimes pouch, when it is short and thick or broad. 



C 



