XV111 INTRODUCTION. 



are forked, the outer ones of each fork again forked, and so on, and all 

 the branches are near together at the base, compared vaguely to the foot of a 

 bird. 



42. Leaves with pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaflets, are usually for short- 

 ness called pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaves. If they are so cut into seg- 

 ments only, they are usually said to be pinnalisect, palmatisect, pedatisect, 

 etc., although the distinction between segments and leaflets is often unheeded 

 in descriptions, and cannot indeed always be ascertained. If the leaves are so 

 cut onlv into lobes, they are said to be pinnatifid, palmatifid, pedatifid, etc. 



43. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets, may be again toothed, lobed, 

 divided, or compounded. Some leaves are even three or more times di- 

 vided or compounded. In the latter case they are termed decompound. 

 When twice or thrice pinnate (bipinnate or tripinnate), each primary or se- 

 condary division, with the leaflets it comprises, is called a pinna. "When the 

 pinna of a leaf or the leaflets of a pinna are in pairs, without an odd terminal 

 pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna so divided is said to be abruptly pinnate ; if 

 there is an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the Laf or pinna is unequally pinnate 

 (imparipinnalum) . 



44. The number of leaves or their parts is expressed adjectively by the fol- 

 lowing numerals, derived from the Latin : — 



uni-, bi-, tri-, quadii-, quinque-, sex-, septem-, octo-, novem-, decern-, multi- 

 1-. 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, many- 



prefixed to a termination, indicating the particular kind of part referred to. 

 Thus— 



unidentate, bidentate, multidentate, mean one- toothed, two -toothed, many- 

 toothed, etc. 



bifid, trifid, rnultifid, mean two-lobed, three-lobed, many -lobed, etc. 



unifoliolate, bifoliolate, multifoliolate, mean having one leaflet, two leaflets, 

 many leaflets, etc. 



unifoliate, bifoliate, multifoliate, mean having one leaf, two leaves, many 

 leaves, etc. 



biternate and triternate, mean twice or thrice ternately divided. 



unijugate, bijugate, multijugate, etc., pinnae or leaflets, mean that they are 

 in one, two, many, etc., pairs (Juga). 



45. Leaves or their parts, when flat, or any other flat organs in plants, are 

 linear, when long and narrow, at least four or five times as long as broad, 



falsely compared to a mathematical line, for a linear leaf has always a per- 

 ceptible breadth. 



lanceolate, when about three or more times as long as broad, broadest be- 

 low the middle, and tapering towards the summit, compared to the head of a 

 lance. 



cuneate, when broadest above the middle, and tapering towards the base, 

 compared to a wedge with the point downwards ; when very broadly cuneate 

 and rounded at the top, it is often called flabellijorm or fan-shaped. 



spathulate, when the broad part near the top is short, and the narrow taper- 

 ing part long, compared to a spatula or flat ladle. 



ovate, when scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader below the 

 middle, compared to the longitudinal section of an egg ; obovate is the same 

 form, with the broadest part above the middle. 



orbicular, oval, oblong, elliptical, rhomboidal, etc., when compared to the 

 corresponding mathematical figures. 



transversely oblong, or oblate, when conspicuously broader than long. 



falcate, when curved like the blade of a scythe. 



46. Intermediate forms between any two of the above are expressed by com- 

 bining two terms. Thus, a linear-lanceolate leaf is long and narrow, yet broader 



