4 BULLETIN 1235, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



DEFINITIONS OF TERMS. 



The terms used in describing the various stages of the codling 

 moth are the same as those employed by other members of the 

 Bureau of Entomology in previous life-history studies. 



A " generation" begins with the egg stage and ends with the adult 

 or moth, and may or may not be completed the same season it 

 begins. 



A " brood" includes the individuals of any one of these stages, 

 such as eggs, larvae, pupae, or adults, and may be spoken of as " first 

 brood," "second brood," etc., to designate the generation to which 

 it belongs. "Spring brood" includes the individual pupae or adults 

 which come from the "wintering larvae," the latter being all the in- 

 dividuals of all the generations of the preceding season which do not 

 complete their development until spring. 



The time of cocooning is spoken of as the "cocooning period," 

 since it is a part of the larval period. 



The "life cycle" of any generation is the time from the deposition 

 of the egg to the emergence of the adult. 



The "complete life cycle" includes the time from the deposition of 

 the egg of one generation to the deposition of the egg of the next 

 generation. 



The terms used in this bulletin may be defined as follows: 

 The wintering larvae (spring-brood larvae) include all of the non- 

 transforming larvae of the first, second, and third broods of the pre- 

 ceding season. 



The spring brood of pupae are the pupae from the wintering larvae. 

 The spring brood of moths are the moths emerging from the spring 

 brood of pupae. 



The first generation includes : 



The first brood of eggs (deposited by spring-brood moths). 

 The first brood of larvae, both transforming and wintering. 

 The first brood of pupae. 

 The first brood of moths. 

 The second generation includes : 



The second brood of eggs (deposited by first-brood moths). 

 The second brood of larva 1 , both transforming and wintering. 

 The second brood of pupae. 

 The second brood of moths. 

 The third generation (not complete in Washington) includes : 

 The third brood of eggs (deposited by second-brood moths). 

 The third brood of larvae, all of which are wintering larvae. 



METHODS AND REARING APPARATUS EMPLOYED IN THE LIFE- 

 HISTORY STUDIES. 



The method of procedure followed in the life-history work in 

 Yakima was similar to that followed in other investigations of the 

 codling moth by the bureau, the object being to obtain data easily 

 comparable to those from other sections of the country. 



All of the rearing cages were glass battery jars, 6 by 8 inches, 

 covered with coarsely woven cloth tops held in place by rubber 

 bands and containing a layer of slightly moist sand in the bottom. 



Pupation studies. — Wintering larvae in the cells of cocooning racks 

 were confined in the battery-jar cages and observed daily for the 



