216 Migrations of Siouan Tribes. [ March, 
of which is the Ponka (Pa"-uka). The last is associated with 
the red cedar. If the true meanings of the three names have been 
preserved, they can be gained only in one way—by questioning 
members of the secret societies in the tribes. 
The writer has been unable to find an Omaha gens, and the 
only Kwapa village (not a gens) is among the Kwapas. 
Joutel names four Kwapa villages—Otsote, Thoriman, Ton- 
ginga and Cappa. The first village is called by other French 
writers, Otsotchave, or Otsotchoue, the third, Topinga (evidently 
a printer’s error), and the fourth, Kapaha. According to Shea 
_ these divisions of the Arkansas are extinct, but the writer has 
been able to find members of them still existing. When he was 
at the Osage agency, Indian Terr., in 1883, he met three Kwapas. 
From two of them he gained the following: The first village is 
se gt -qpa-qti, real Kwapas (Cappa or Kapaha). The second is 
U-zu’-ti-u’-hi (Otsote), which may mean village along an “su or 
lowland level containing trees here and there. The third is Ti- 
u-a’-d™j-ma™ (Thoriman). The name of the fourth village could 
not be learned from the Kwapas; but Margry tells us that it 
meant “small village” in the Kwapa dialect. The writer finds 
that this would be expressed by Ta™-ma” ji’-ga, with which com- 
pare Tonginga and Topinga. In July, 1687, according to J outel, 
two of these villages were on the Arkansas river, and the others 
were on the Mississippi. A visit to the Kwapas might furnish 
the writer with their traditions, etc. Though they must have 
separated from the Ponkas more than three hundred years agọ, 
the dialects are still so similar that the Kwapas met by the writer 
could understand him very easily when he spoke to them in 
Ponka. 
The Omahas and their associates followed the course of the 
Mississippi till they reached the mouth of the Missouri, remain- 
ing for some time near the site of fhe present city of St. Louis- 
Then they ascended the Missouri to a place called Tce-diii’-g4 
a’-ja-be and Ma"’da-qpa’ -yé by the Kansas, and Ma’’-ja-qpa -dhé 
by the Osages. This was an extensive peninsula on the rivet 
having a high mountain as a landmark) - 
_ | The writer was told by an Osage that Man-jaqpadhé was at Fire Prairie , Missouri, 
_ where the first treaty with the Osages was made by the United States. But ‘that place 
is on a creek of the same name which empties into the Missouri river on the south, 
in T. 50 N., R. 28 W., at the town of Napoleon, Jackson county, M This could 
not have been the original Man-jaqpadhé. Several local names have ue duplicated 
