218 Migrations of Siouan Tribes. [ March, 
Here, according to the Kansas and Osages, the ancestors of the 
four tribes dwelt together. In the course of time they ascended 
the Missouri and established themselves at the mouth of the 
Osage river. The Iowas were near them; but the Omahas say 
that at that period they did not know the Otos and Missouris. 
At the mouth of the Osage river the final separation occurred. 
The Omahas and Ponkas crossed the Missouri, resuming their 
wanderings. The Osages ascended the stream pontig their name, 
and at a tributary, called by them “ Tse’-4ŭ"-ya'-qa,” they divided 
into the qa-he’-3si (those who camped at the top of the mountain), 
incorrectly styled Great Osages, and the U-1sén’-ta (those who 
camped at the base of the mountain), popularly called Little 
Osages. The Kansas ascended the Missouri on the south side 
till they reached the Kansas river. A brief halt was made, and 
the journey was resumed. They ascended the Missouri on the 
east side till they reached the present northern boundary of the 
State of Kansas. There they were attacked by the Cheyennes, 
and were compelled to retrace their steps. They settled again at 
the mouth of the Kansas, till the “ Big Knives” came with gifts 
and induced them to go further west. Their subsequent history, 
as given to the writer by two chiefs, contains an account of about 
twenty villages along the Kansas river, then the settlement at 
Council Grove, Kas., and finally the removal to their reservation 
in Indian Terr. 
Let us return to the Omahas and Ponkas. After crossing the 
Missouri they were joined by the Iowas, according to Two Crows 
and Joseph La Flèche, of the Omahas. They said that this addi- 
tion to the party was made about the time of the separation from 
the Osages and Kansas. But the Iowa tradition, as given to Mr. 
Hamilton (see map of the Iowa brave) places the first village of 
that tribe west of the Mississippi, on the Des Moines river. The 
two Omahas just named said that their fathers followed the tribu- 
_ taries of the Missouri till they reached the great Pipestone quarry 
in Minnesota. Other Omahas have said that the course was UP 
the Des Moines river, which would naturally bring the wanderers 
_ near the quarry. The writer is inclined to believe that they 
ascended the Chariton river, and when at its source they would 
_ be near the Des Moines. As the Iowas were a cognate tribe, it 
was reasonable for them to unite with the others. At all events’ 
_ the traditions agree in this: the people built earth lodges (perma 
