248 Resemblances in Arts widely separated.  [March, 
tudes of man himself and the material environment out of which 
come the resources of gratification. Upon the principle that like 
causes produce like effects, it is nowadays argued that men will 
everywhere, under the same s/ress and with the same resources, 
make the same invention. We must carefully note that different 
grades of civilization and different ages of the world give variable 
significance to the words stress and resources. In each age and in 
each grade, natural, primeval aptitudes are intensified and warped 
by inheritance and tuition. Material environment is varied and 
intensified by ever accumulating historical information, refinement 
and science. Resemblances, therefore, by independent invention 
become rarer, as the circles of national and racial influence enlarge 
and cross one another. 
Before attemptling to lay down rules by which like human 
activities may be referred to one or another of the causes just 
named, the activities themselves ought to be closely scrutinized, 
in order that we may arrive at an intelligent definition of the wor 
resemblance, 
Aristotle enumerates four sorts of causes of actions: The 
tnaterial cause, ex qua aliquid fit; the formal cause, per quam; 
the efficient cause, à gud; the final cause, propter quam. With 
this classification as a basis we may regard human activities and 
the things associated with them from several points of view, as 
one example will shew. The Indian basket-maker there is plying 
her craft. She is the efficient cause of her art. Under other 
social organizations it would be the men, and in higher civiliza- 
tion it would be one of a small guild or trade, called the basket- 
weavers’ union. 
By her side are strips of grass, splints of root or osier, bundles 
of cane or rattan, either dyed or in the natural color. These arè — 
the material cause of her basket. 
She holds in her hand a bone, or ivory, or wooden awl or 
pricker; it may be also that a knife, rubbing stone and paint- 
brushes are at her side. These and whatever other tools she 
uses constitute the instrumental cause of her work. 
In her mind are certain forms of baskets and of basket-weaving 
related to her tribal art and to the structure of the vessel; others 
also arise spontaneously, and the resultant of them all is the 
formal cause of the work. 
-She has her peculiar way of putting her work together, of sit- 
