1886, ] Resemblances in Arts widely separated. 249 
ting, of framing, stitching, plaiting, weaving, of placing her mate- 
rial into form for a fixed purpose: These constitute her manner 
of action, which we may call her processional or methodical 
cause. a 
Finally, the foregoing causes have- been set in motion with a 
view to function, to the uses. whereunto this basket is to be put— 
in a word, to the final cause. Moreover, to her art belong a tech- 
nical vocabulary, all sorts of lore and myths, and even social 
organization and sometimes religion are influenced by it. 
Now, what is true of one occupation is true of another. Each 
one of them, from the lowest to the highest, involves: 1, agent ; 
2, material; 3, implement; 4, form; 5, process; 6, motive or 
function ; not to include others unnecessary to mention now. 
Again, it must not be forgotten that the materials, implements, 
forms, etc., of most activities, excepting the rudest, are the pro- 
ducts of other activities, and each may have had its six elementary 
Causes, giving rise to generations and genealogies of causes. 
Now, let it be especially noted that in each invention or art the 
resemblance may extend to only one of the six elements, or it 
may include two or more. Furthermore, resemblance may mani- 
fest itself only in some one generation inthe genealogy. 
If we read carefully the works of those who are constantly 
pointing out evidences of the migration of tribes or races, we 
shall see that their attention has been fixed upon only one or two 
elements of the art under scrutiny. 
The complication of causes in producing a result stands in the 
_ Same relation to the result that complexity of organization does 
to plants and animals. Those arts that involve the fewest causes, 
the shortest concatenations of causes, have the greatest chance 
_ of arising independently; while those that involve the greatest 
number of complicated and connected causes give the strongest 
evidence of absolute identity of origin. 
- Another consideration which we must not omit in this study is 
the natural relation between thi ngs and their uses; between the 
number of things which may perform a given function, between 
the number of functions which a given thing may perform. In 
human trades, languages, the organizations of society, the fine 
arts, moralities, the progress of learning, creeds and cults—the » 
bonds of union between the ends to bé attained and the number 
of possible ways of attaining each end vary immensely in 
