340  Grosse’s Classification and Structure of the Bird-hee. April, 
the stone axes as used to fell trees, and some of these were “ gros 
arbres,” and the account shows that the cutting must have been 
j done with somewhat of expedition. His party had iron axes as 
well as stone, but our author does not compare the two, but calls 
them all “meschantes.” In describing the customary method of 
camping when enemies were supposed to be near, he tells us that 
as soon as the Indians had chosen the place for a camp, they im- 
t ‘mediately began to cut down trees to make a barricade, and he 
4 says that they know so well how to do this that in less than two 
hours they have so strong a defence that five hundred of their 
enemies would not be able to break into it without great diffi- 
culty and loss of life. Then in another passage he speaks of the 
Iroquois cutting down trees for a similar purpose. Nowhere does 
he speak of fire as an aid in the process. Indeed in the first case 
where he tells us of so strong a barricade, he says that they make 
no fire lest the smoke reveal their presence to their enemies. 
From these and similar accounts it seems quite probable, to say 
the least, that stone axes were used as axes for cutting timber, 
= ` and with not altogether unsatisfactory results. 
3 205 
a GROSSE’S CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF 
aes _ THE BIRD-LICE OR MALLOPHAGA.' 
Bt | ABSTRACT BY PROFESSOR G. MACLOSKIE. 
HE Mallophaga, or bird-lice, are wingless insects with incom- 
plete metamorphosis, mandibulate mouth-parts, two or three- 
_ segmented thorax, eight to ten abdominal somites. They live on 
mammals and birds, feeding on their scales, hairs and feathers. 
The genera which are found on mammals never occur on birds, 
lice with haustellate and others with mandibulate mouth -parts. 
Nitsch (1842) carefully examined them, and Von Giebel (1874) 
oo on his ‘work. 
Nitsch divides them into two chief groups, Philopteride and 
er Liotheidæ; the Philopteridæ have filamentous antennæ and no 
> palps; the Liotheidæ have clavate four-jointed antennæ and palps. 
- l Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Mallophaga, von Dr. Franz Grosse in Strassburg- 
(7885). 
: and vice versa. Redi first observed (1688) that there are some 
The Philopteridae comprise two families: (1) Trichodectes, the 
` Zeitschrift fiir wissenschattliche Zoologie, Bd. yin, Pp. 530-558, mit Taf. xvit 
