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1886.) Grosses Classification and Structure of the Bird-lice. 345 
the ligule. The ligule is emarginated in Docophorus and Lipeu- 
tus. The paraglosse of Philopteridz, as in the Liotheide, are 
like tactile-organs, remarkably long in species of Goniodes. 
In all Liotheidz the intima of the ventral end of the oral cav- 
ity forms a fold-like duplicature as in Philopteridz (hypopharynx, 
Fig. 2 hy). In Lemobothrium and Tetrophthalmus this extends 
forward over the labjum, and its lateral borders are strongly bent 
upwards (Figs. 1, 8. /y). 
For the study of the head Grosse made transverse and sagittal 
sections of specimens fresh from molting and hardened in chro- 
mic or picric acid.. From absolute alcohol they were placed in 
chloroform and after two hours embedded in paraffine, being kept 
_ for a time in melted paraffine under the air-pump. The sections 
were attached to the slide by means of albumen or. oil of cloves, 
Stained by alcoholic carmine-solution, treated with acidulated ' 
alcohol so as to show the nuclei, and then enclosed in Canada 
balsam. 
Thorax.—In the genera Trinotum, Colpocephalum and Tetroph- 
thalmus the three thoracic somites are present, especially mani- — 
fest in the young. The prothorax of Tetrophthalmus has above 
a rounded swelling, and ends forwards in a bristly point on each . 
Side. Within the prothorax, but visible through the transparent 
dorsum, is a cross-band of chitin, as in Menopon, for the attach- 
‘Ment of muscles. The mesothorax is much narrower than the 
other thoracic somites. The metathorax is of trapezoidal form, ;. 
and much broader and shorter than the prothorax. The borders 
of these somites are strongly chitinized. There are no wings or 
rudiments of wings. The foremost of the three pairs of limbs 
are the shortest, and they act as foot-jaws, drawing fragments of 
-food to the mouth. In the male Tetrophthalmus they are large 
and also serve for holding the female. The tibia of all the limbs 
of the male have their inferior end extending into a knob with 
sharp processes like a “ morning star.” There are only two tar- 
sal joints, the distal one being the longer and bearing two in- 
curved claws, inclosing between them a soft lobe [pulvillus]. The 
es on the tibia and the “ morning-star” processes of the 
z male serve for holding the female, which indeed often cl 
among the feathers of the host. 
ot _ 40domen.—The female of Tetrophthalmus has ten ninal 
= somi Mites, the terminal one soft and rounded. The male has nine, 
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