1886.] The Making of Man. 501 
to perceive that in this we have but one of the factors to which 
he owes his supremacy. The freeing of the arms to the perform- 
ance of new duties was an essential agent in any rapid mental 
development. Yet it was not the only agent.. The mental devel- 
opment of man began in the mental development of the apes. It is 
but the completion of a process which extends much further 
back than the beginning of the human era, and through which, 
in one type of life, the mammalian intellect attained an excep- 
tional unfoldment. Human mental progress began at the high 
level attained by the anthropoid apes. To the causes of the un- 
foldment of the ape intellect some attention is therefore due. 
There is nothing in an arboreal residence in itself to specially 
promote mentality. The squirrels and other arboreal quadrupeds 
are not of a high intellectual grade. Undoubtedly the activity, 
the variety of motions, and the grasping power of the monkeys 
must have aided in their mental unfoldment, yet we find that 
the lemurs, with the same general organization and life-habits, 
are intellectually dull. For the inciting element to the develop- 
ment of the ape intellect, therefore, we must look further. 
Among the lower life forms the Carnivora are more intellectual 
as individuals than the Herbivora. Yet as groups the latter occa- 
sionally display intellectual conditions far higher than anything 
attained by the solitary Carnivora. These instances of intelli- 
gence are only found among the social species, and are displayed 
most remarkably in the communal classes, the ants, bees and 
beavers,! Yet even in these the purely plant-feeding bees fail to 
display the great variety of intelligent acts of the partly. carniv- 
®rous and actively belligerent ants. It would appear, therefore, 
that while the activity and cunning arising from carnivorous hab- 
~ aid in the development of individual intelligence, it is equally 
aided by social habits, and that a combination of these two 
requisites presents the most favorable condition for high progress > 
in intelligence, 
n fact, if we consider fully the ants, we find that these minute — 
creatures, with none of the advantages in structure over their — 
llows Possessed by man, have advanced politically and indus- 
