502 : The Making of Man, [June, 
influences alone. It appears, therefore, that social combination 
is a highly essential agent in intellectual development, quite as 
important as, perhaps more important than, any special advan- 
tages in structure and individual habits. 
The solitary life of cats, spiders, &c., while aiding to develop 
mentality in individuals, prevents the transmission of useful 
ideas. Only instincts are transmitted. Ideas die with their 
originators. On the other hand, the communal habits of ants 
and bees, while highly adapted to the preservation of useful 
ideas, tend to hinder individual excursions of mind and the 
rapid growth of ideas. An ant community is a society of 
strict specialists. The best condition for intellectual progress 
would seem to be an intermediate one, in which complete 
individual activity exists, yet in which social links are closely 
drawn, so that ideas may be transmitted by education and obser- 
vation, as well as instincts by heredity. And to the fullest utility 
of this condition some degree of carnivorous habits would seem 
essential. It needs no intellectuality to gather fruit from the 
trees. It needs often the highest exercise of cunning to capture 
animal prey, while it produces a variety of perilous and exciting 
situations to which the strict vegetarian is not subjected. 
Among modern apes socialism exists in various degrees. 
lemurs display but little socialism. Some species of monkeys 
= display it in a‘high degree, and it is a general characteristic of 
the family. Mutual aid in danger is common, education is not 
wanting, combination in enterprises is frequently observed, and 
probably through these and the like influences, observation an 
_ imitation have been developed to a degree not seen elsewhere 
among the Mammalia. Yet so advantageous is social combina- 
=~ tion in promoting intelligence, that the high degree of cunning 
= displayed by baboons, in posting sentries while robbing fruit 
_ plantations, is but a‘fuller development of a similar habit pe 
sessed by several species of otherwise dull social animals. a 
Among the existing anthropoid apes, however, the social habit 
is greatly lacking. The orang, the chimpanzee and the gorilla 
_ are more or less solitary in their habits. The orang is particularly s 
So, and is never seen in groups of more than two oF three. The | 
chimpanzee and the gorilla are somewhat more social, yet not : 
markedly so. The groups of the gorillas appear to be poly A 
mous bands, since they never possess more than one adult male, 
