504 The Making of Man, [June, 
To these physical conditions must be added the social one. 
‘The ancestors of man could not have been solitary in their habits, 
but must have been strongly social. It is possible that the soli- 
tary condition of the existing great apes is a result of their strictly 
vegetarian habits. An anthropoid with carnivorous tendencies and 
i original social habits would tend to increase rather than to lose 
these habits, through the great benefit derived from mutual aid in 
conflicts with the larger animals. That man, at an early period 
in the stone age, waged war with the largest animals, we have 
satisfactory evidence in the results of archæological discovery. 
The original human society must have been one of mutual aid, 
combination in enterprises, some degree of language, or of the 
use of sounds conveying warning and information, protection and 
education of the young, and habits of observation and imitation. 
All these exist in some tribes of monkeys. As to vocal powers, 
the gibbons possess them ina high degree, though there is no 
evidence to show that any existing apes have specialized sounds 
to convey special information. It is to a group of the higher 
apes which possessed these characteristics in an unusual degree 
that we must look for the ancestors of man. If we be asked for 
traces of such a group we can but point to man. The ancestral 
line has vanished in that of its descendants. The existing anthro- 
poid apes are but side issues in the problem. 
a The development of the social condition and of the edu 
_ process must have had a vigorous influence in the enlargement 
of the brain. In man the dividing line between the physical and 
the mental powers, as organizing agents, was finally passed. A 
tribe had arisen, for the first time in the long history of anim 
= life, that trusted more to its mind than to its muscles, and which 
_ had begun to substitute artificial for natural tools and weapons. 
_ With the attainment of this condition there was taken the first 
decided step in that long line of mental progress which has pro- 
_ duced the brain of man. In all preceding ages evolution had 
been mainly physical, and exerted its chief influence upo? if 
limbs and muscles. Now, for the first time, mental evoluto" 
gained the supremacy, and development centered itself in tY 
cational 
ae 
-ceased to change. 
_ Under these circumstances there is nothing very SU 
ha, 
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brain, the organ of the mind, while the body, in great measure, 
rprising 19 
the fact that the human brain has attained an exceptional de ae 
a a, ee ee ee 
. 
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