934. Is Littorina litorea Introduced or Indigenous? {November, 
Among the many lists of New England shells which might be 
named, the following have been selected : 
Gould’s “ Invertebrata of Mass.,” 1st ed. (1841), mentions Z. palliata, rudis and 
tenebrosa but not Litorea. 
Mighel’s list of the shells of Maine! (1843) mentions Z. palliata, rudis and tene- 
sa as occurring “ in the greatest profusion,” but Z. /forea is not in the list. 
Reed’s “ Catalogue of the Shells of Mass.’’? (1845) mentions the same three but not 
litorea. 
Russell's ‘« Retrospect of some of the Shells found in Essex county, Mass.”* (1851), 
mentions the same three but not /torea. 
Tuft’s “ List of Shells collected at Swampscott Lynn and vicinity” (1853) mentions 
k the same three as abundant, but not /torea. } 
Stimpson’s “ List of the marine Invertebrates of Grand Manan”? (1854) mentions 
a L. palliata (= L. littoralis) and L. rudis, but not L. litorea. 
-Tufts “Catalogue of Shells in the State cabinet [of Mass.]” (1859) mentions the 
Same three but not /itorea. 
Nor has it been reported until quite recently from the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence. l 
- - Dr. Dawson’s “ A week in Gaspé ”4 (1858) mentions Z. rudis and L. palliata, bat i 
A not Z. Zitorea. If Dr. Dawson found it in the Gulf of Lawrence “ thirty y 
ago,” it must have been at some other point, : 
-Robert Bell’s “ List of the Mollusca of Eastern Canada’ (1859) mentions L. pal- 
liata only. 
J. F. Whiteaves’ “ On the marine Mollusca of Eastern Canada’’6 (1869) 
: palliata (littoralis), L. rudis and L. tenebrosa, but not L. /itorea. 
EAN, $ + . ; : 
Although the evidence of these lists is only negative, their q 
= combined force is so strong (even had we no other nie a 
~ they practically prove that the shell did not exist upon the i i 
England coast, and probably not in the Gulf of St. Lane 
ant . / s : 1 
_ previous to the middle of the present century. Since 1857 15. 
A. F. Gray, 
mentions 
spread has been phenomenally rapid. A paper, by 4. £. 1e d 
in Science News for 1879, gives many localities which it ha 
come to inhabit upon the New England coast, and the bwn 
facts of its spread are thus summarized by Professor Verrill: 
 *“ It is well known to American conchologists that this rose 
mon European species has become well established upon the N¢ = 
England coast within ten or twelve years, appearing first up? 
: Sci., 
was 
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