36 Journal of the Mitchell Society. [ May 
flame and addition of water tog-ether with steam injection. 
The cost of a plant for distillation by steam alone is far greater 
than that of the simple plants in this country. After careful 
study ‘of these systems I am convinced that if a skillfull 
“stiller” is in charge, as good results are obtained here as with 
the best of the French steam stills, but the personal equation, 
which plays no role in the steam still, is of prime importance 
with us. Perhaps the best of these for our conditions would 
be that of mixed injection, for the extra cost of installation 
and operation is not great and the personal element of the 
“stiller ” is entirely eliminated. 
SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE. 
The chief constituent of spirits of turpentine is pinene, 
C i 0 H i6 . Many battles have been waged over the structural 
formula of this compound. At first it was classified among 
the open chain hydrocarbons but later was shown to be a ring 
compound. Of the many formulas proposed that of Wagner 
is most in accord with the reactions of the substance. 
H 
l 
C 
Some of the work upon American spirits of turpentine has 
been in vain, because investigators failed to take into account 
the facts that in our turpentine orchards more than one species 
of pine is turpentined and that the crude turpentine from each 
is indiscriminately mixed when collected. Recognizing these 
