1908 ] The San Jose Scale 55 
a good-sized ordinary pin. When the growing season opens in 
the following spring the female develops as already described while 
the scale of the male becomes elongate and the creature finally 
develops into a tiny yellowish, winged, flying insect, which 
although mouthless and thus incapable of taking sap from the 
tree, is endowed with an extra set of eyes to make all the more cer- 
tain of finding mates and providing for the perpetuation of his 
species. 
We have said that the scales may be matted together in a scurfy 
coating over twigs and branches of badly-infested trees. In cases 
of slight infestation the scales may be scattering, only a few being 
found on a piece of twig, or perhaps even only one or two being 
found on an entire tree. Where the scales are scattering on the 
bark each scale is apt to be (but is not always) surrounded by a 
reddish blotch or spot. This reddish staining is very noticeable 
in the inner bark of badly infested twigs. It is also quite con- 
spicuous on those varieties of trees which have a yellowish or 
greenish bark, in contrast to which the reddish blotches show up 
in bold relief. 
We have stated that the insect after once settling down to feed 
remains attached at that spot. We have also seen that the female 
never emerges from under the shell or scale. The adult male, 
which can fly, can play but an unimportant part in the spread of 
the species. How, then is the species distributed? The several 
agencies by which this is accomplished are:- 1st, by its own 
natural powers, each young louse often crawling several inches 
from the parent scale before attaching itself, 2nd, by wind, 
which in blowing through an orchard may waft the tiny young 
like particles of dust or pollen from one tree to another, 3rd, by 
birds, which may alight in an infested tree and then rapidly trans- 
port young crawling lice on their feet or feathers to new trees, 
4th, by insects, in same way as by birds, 5th, by man, horses, 
etc. in cultivating or working in the orchard and passing from tree 
to tree. All the above means facilitate its spread locally from 
tree to tree, or from one orchard to another in the same neighbor- 
hood. But for spread into new and distant localities the San 
Jose Scale is chiefly dependent on still another method, namely 6th, 
