THE CATTLE GRUBS OR OX WARBLES 19 
after removal was positively identified by Riley as H. lineatwm in 
the next to the last stage. ~ : 
Schoyen (S89) has presented a résumé of a large number of cases 
which have been encountered in Norway and elsewhere. He states 
that he has examined many of these grubs and that they are without 
doubt H. bovis. He further says: 
As a rule they have accomplished long ramblings under the skin, always 
in an upward direction previous to their appearance through an open tumor 
oh the upper part of the body, head, neck, shoulders, ete. All of them have 
lived in this manner for months and came out in the course of the winter 
months, but were always Still too young to go through their transformation. 
It is especially with persons who look after or take care of cattle in the 
summer months that such grubs are to be found during the winter. 
It is of course conceivable that these larve in their migrations may 
cause some rather serious symptoms, which in many cases may not 
be attributed to the larve at all. 
COMMON NAMES AND POPULAR IDEAS 
It is not surprising, considering the wide distribution and common 
occurrence of Hypoderma on cattle, that the insects should have 
come to the attention of nearly all of the cattle raisers of the country. 
As with most other insect pests, various colloquial names have been 
appled to them. In the Southern States the larve are commonly 
spoken of as “wolves” and sometimes as “grubs.” In the North 
and West the term “warbles” is commonly used for the larvee 
although they are frequently spoken of as “grubs.” By butchers, 
hide dealers, and tanners throughout the country, the name “ grub” 
is applied very generally to the larve of both species and the infested 
hides are spoken of as “grubby.” Certain individuals sometimes 
also speak of the larve as. “worms” and others call them “ cattle 
bots” or simply “bots.” The term “heel fly ” is commonly apphed 
to the adult insect throughout the United States, but in most cases 
the stockmen do not connect the heel fly with the grub in the backs 
of the cattle. The term “heel fly ” is very appropriate, especially for 
Hypoderma lineatum, as it fittingly describes the habit of the fly in 
attacking the lower extremities, particularly the heels, during ovi- 
position. “ Warble fly.” is applied to the adult insect by some stock- 
men, especially those from England, and “gad fly” is used for it 
in some localities. The use of the last name is not desirable, as it 
is more frequently applied to the horse flies (Tabanidae). 
- In Great Britain the term “ox warble” is used for both species. 
In Germany the words “ Dasselfliege” and ‘“ Dasselbeule” are 
applied specifically to the fly and the larvae in the back of the host, 
while “ Dasselplage” refers to infestations. In France the word 
“varron ”’ is used. 
There is need for common names to designate the two species. 
The propriety of adopting the name “ox warble” for the two forms 
might be open to question, on the ground that the use of the word 
|. “ox” as applied to cattle is almost obsolete in this country and 
that the word “warble” is more aptly applied to the swelling pro- 
duced by the larva in stu and is essentially an English term. 
Owing to the aptness and general use of the term “cattle grub,” 
the adoption of this name for the larval stages of the two species 1s | 
advised. Since H. bovis is not to be found in the South but thrives 
