8S BULLETIN 1369, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
ported cattle. So far neither of them seem to have become estab- 
lished here.” i | 
Hypoderma bovis is essentially a northern form. This point has 
been brought out by a number of writers. Glaser (29) found that 
in Germany bovis predominated over the northern part of the em- 
pire while /éneatum was more in evidence in the southern part. It 
is also worthy of note that Hypoderma larve are much more abund- : 
ant in northern than in southern Germany (56). A writer (/) in : 
Germany has pointed out that, with the interruption of the control 
work in that country due to the war, the insect had spread to pre- 4 
viously uninfested areas. In Denmark, although /éneatum is present, 
bovis is far more prevalent. Bequaert (in litt.) says: 
In Belgium and France H. bovis is by far the most common species, and in 
some regions quite abundant. I do not know of any record of AH. lineatum. in 
Belgium. In France that species is very rare and of recent introduction; it 
was not known there at the time Joly (51) wrote his monograph, 1846. 
TET tek Grail oe 
In fact H. lineatum was not recorded from France until 1894 4 
(SO). Brauer (8, 9) states that H. bovis is distributed from Scan- Fe 
dinavia to the southern part of Europe and over Asia, Africa, and 
North America. He writes that this is the only species found in 
upper and lower Austria, Styria, and Hungary. He records the 
distribution of H. lineatum as South Russia, Norway, the Balkans, 
the Caucasus, and England. Vaney (/04) reports H. bovis to be : 
common in the Lyonnaise region in France. He and his associates | 
(59, 60, 105, 107) observed the number of grubby hides to range 
during the height of the season from about 12 to 21 per cent in 
different years. Vaney reports the occurrence of H. bovis only in 
the Lyonnaise region. Third-stage specimens, however, which he 
sent the writers from the gullets of cattle of that region, prove 
to be H. lineatum. In England and Ireland both species are com- 
mon but sufficient data are not at hand to show their relative num- 
bers. Hadwen (36) states that in Canada the two species have 
equal distribution, but that their distribution in the northern part 
of the country has not been determined. He makes no definite state- 2 
ment, however, regarding the relative abundance of the two. = 
A. Gansser, chairman of the Warble Fly Commission of Basel, = 
Switzerland, states in correspondence that both H. lineatum and 
H. bovis are present in that country. H. bovis apparently con- 
stitutes about 60 per cent of the total number. The insects appear 
to be very abundant in certain sections of that country. Gansser 
states that they are generally distributed in the Alps and Jura 
Mountains up to 6,000 feet. He mentions heavy injury in the can- 
tons of Valais, Vaud, and Grisons. Bornand (7) also comments on 
the abundance of H. bovis in cattle of the Jura and the Alps. 
Until recently practically nothing definite has been known of the 
occurrence of Hypoderma in India. Maxwell-Lefroy and Howlett 
(66) write: 
It seems probable that Hypoderma, the common European genus, is confined 
to western India from the Punjab southward probably as far as Gugerat. 
O’Quinlan (superintendent, C. V. D., Bengal) informs us that he has rarely or 
never seen warbles in Bengal cattle, and this agrees with our experience. 
Patton (75) secured a specimen of H. lineatum from Doctor An- 
nandale from India in 1922 and later others were sent him by Capt. 
H. E. Cross, who at the same time sent to the writers specimens of 
