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BULLETIN 1455, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 



The orchards which had the best yields usually were those in 

 which such cover crops as alfalfa, cowpeas, soy beans, clover, or a 



Fig. 4. — Wheat in a young apple orchard near Winchester, Va. Wheat grown in the orchard is often 

 cut with the cradle. This handwork adds much to the cost of production. Apple trees do not 

 bear well when competing with interplanted crops 



Fig. 



5.— Cultivation is difficult where the surface is so thickly covered with limestone fragments. 

 The rugged topography is a rather general characteristic of the Shenandoah Valley 



green manure crop like rye were used as soil builders. Often these 

 soiling crops were used in a rotation with other crops like hay and 

 corn. This method, though superior to the system that removed all 



