65 



and leg cases long and pointed. The pupal stage I found varied 

 between two and three weeks. Prior to the moth hatching the pupa 

 frequently is forced half out of the dead bud or shoot. 



According to Stainton, the larvae also occur in hawthorn berries in 

 September; the black variety only in apple shoots in February and 

 March. Recent observations, however, show that all variations in 

 color breed from the apple, and probably the larvae in hawthorn 

 berries are of another species, for on the haw or white thorn Laverna 

 atra works just as it does in the apple. 



Fortunately this insect attacks only small trees, and so can easily be 

 destroyed by hand picking the dead buds and shoots before the moths 

 escape. Where this has been done the pest has been kept under, and 

 in some cases practically stamped out. 



Probably autumnal spraying with arsenites would kill the young 

 larvae before or when they burrow into the rind of the shoots. 



THE APPLE SUCKER. 



(Psylla mail Schm.) 



This apple pest causes great loss to fruit growers in this country, 

 and has apparently increased very considerably daring the past few 

 years. It very much resembles your pear-tree psylla (Psylla pyricola), 

 so ably dealt with by Slingerland." This latter pest I have never 

 detected doing any damage in England. The apple ps}dla which was 

 recorded as a pest as long ago as 1837 b has since been mentioned by 

 the late Miss Ormerod in her reports, etc., in which the observations 

 of fruit growers have been recorded, though but little fresh matter 

 was added to Kollar's original paper. This pest having become more 

 serious during recent }^ears, I have devoted two seasons to its study, 

 which have brought to light many new facts in its economy. As it 

 appears to me to be a very likely insect to be imported into America 

 on nursery stock from Europe, I include this species with a hope that 

 the notes may help my fellow-workers should it unfortunately make 

 its way into America. 



The effect of this pest on the apple trees is very varied. The larvae 

 and pupa suck the juices of the buds and frequently check their 

 growth entirely, the buds turning brown and dying; at other times 

 they do not kill the buds, but damage them so far that the leaves, 

 when they open, are crinkled and curled. Later they attack the 

 open leaves and frequently the stalks of the leaves, which then die. 

 The larvae attack both leaf and blossom buds, but the latter are 

 especially chosen, and a tree attacked by this pest seldom produces 

 any fruit. The leafage that comes after an attack may be irreparably 



«The Pear-tree Psylla. Bui. 44, Cornell University Experiment Station, 1892. 

 *> Insects Injurious to Gardeners, Farmers, etc. , p. 270, (Trans.. J. and M. Loudon. ) 

 22104— No. 44—04 5 



