Bom 
Its only known food plant is apple. 
Pupa.—When pupating it makes white cocoons in the earth, consist- 
ing of a double layer, the outer being like a mosquito net, but the inner 
being much as usual. It generally varies in shape from oblong to 
spindle form, measuring 6-7™ in length, 3™™ in breadth. It always 
pupates in the earth, wherever it is possible to do so; but when the 
apples are packed in a box it pupates in it, and then it is carried any 
distance, hibernating in this state. It breeds once in a year, unlike the 
codling moth, the latter being two or more brooded in our country. 
Preventive method. —In late autumn the ground under the affected tree 
should be thoroughly disturbed so as to expose the cocoon to the thaw- 
ing and freezing action of the weather. As injured apples fall easily, 
a Slight jarring will bring them down, almost all of them with insects 
in them, and these must be collected before the insects make way into 
the ground. The same precaution should be taken with the fruits which 
have fallen from a wind. All these fallen fruits should be kept in a 
strong box with a tight cover, leaving no opening or crevice; and these 
may be kept for family use, as they are alway sweeter than healthy ones, 
but they will not do for storing purposes. Such fruits as are not per- 
fectly ripe are of use as food for swine, etc. Lump sugar is of no value, 
but block sugar in Sake solution, kept in alarge-mouthed bottle placed 
upon a stand or hung from a branch, is available at night, but in day- 
time the bottle should be kept closed, because the beneficial insects, 
as aphidivorous flies (Syrphus, Paragus, Pipiza, etc.), seek the sac- 
charine solution and may be drowned in it. The moths come late 
in June or early in July, when apples grow about one inch in diame- 
ter, so I doubt whether London purple, Paris green, lead arsenate, 
arsenious acid, etc., are safe to use or not; perhaps a certain portion 
of the poison used may remain to the time of ripening, and may become 
dangerous. Kerosene emulsion, benzole, nitrobenzole, or Quiebell’s 
insecticide, etec., may be available, but I have not yet tried any of 
them. Imported apples should be very carefully examined and also 
the boxes in which they are carried, as the larvie often pupate in a 
corner or crevice. 
PEAR FRUIT BORER. 
(Nephopteryx rubrizonella Rag.) 
There are two species of Japanese pear borers, and the species under 
consideration is much larger than the other. In 1889 the smaller species 
(which is not yet named) was described by Mr. S. Ikeda, of the Agri- 
cultural College of Tokyo, in the Zoological Magazine (Tokyo, Vol. 
I, p. 99); but its life history was not known clearly at that time. By 
this larger borer our pear growers have been losing every year 30 to 
50 per cent of their crops, it being a much more troublesome insect 
than the apple borer I have elsewhere described. Entomologieally it 
belongs to the family Phycitide, and its generic and specific names 
were kindly given me by Dr. W. J. Holland, of Pittsburg, through the 
kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard. 
