10 NOMENCLATURE OF THE APPLE. 
make it conform to the latest and most approved authorities. This is 
notably true of certain personal names heretofore often misspelled 
even by the most careful writers, such as ‘‘Rawles” for ‘‘Ralls,” the 
name of the introducer of the apple so well known throughout the 
South and West under many names and synonyms, of which ‘‘Rawles 
Janet” is perhaps the most common. This correction is made as the 
result of a careful search of the official records of Amherst County, 
Va., where exists indubitable proof that ‘‘Caleb Ralls” was not ‘*Caleb 
Rawles.” Other corrections, and by far the most numerous class, 
are made to conform to the rules of the United States Board on Geo- 
graphic Names. These changes are applied to all names not hereto- 
fore in conformity with the decisions of that board, which are now 
followed in all the branches of the Government service. Other changes 
that will appear are made in comphance with a common-sense tendency 
now generally recognized and approved of making a single word of 
such names as ‘‘Winesap,” ‘‘Redstreak,” and others heretofore often 
written or printed as two words. 
The catalogue is alphabetically arranged throughout, including both 
leading names and synonyms. Leading names are, however, invari- 
ably followed by citations of authors first using them and then by all 
their known synonyms.. Their descriptions, if given or known, are 
presented in abbreviated forms in the tables. These descriptions 
appear in the following order: Origin, form, size, color, texture of 
flesh, color of flesh, flavor, quality, use, and season, after which will 
often be found some explanatory remarks. Synonyms are followed 
by citations of authors first publishing them, and then by their true 
names. In the citations of authors for names or for synonyms it has 
not always been possible to give the first publisher of the name owing 
to the inaccessibility of a complete set of pomological publications. 
In not a few instances the same name has been applied to two or 
more varieties and these have been so confirmed by long usage that it 
has been thought impossible to avoid the conflict and therefore inad- 
visable to change them. In some of these cases an acceptable synonym 
has been substituted for the published leading name; for instance, the 
‘‘American Golden Pippin,” so called by Mr. Downing, is changed 
to ‘*Golding,” which the author mentioned gives as a synonym, and 
in this way one of the numerous ‘‘Golden Pippins” is disposed of. 
Others that can not be changed are written with their place of origin 
or the author first publishing in an abbreviated form following, to 
distinguish them, as ‘‘ Golden Russet (Eng.),” ‘* Golden Russet (Mass. ),” 
‘‘Golden Russet (N. Y.),” or ‘‘ Eureka (Dap.).” In some instances, 
however, this rule can not be applied, since origins and the names of 
authors first publishing are unknown, and concerning such names 
there will still remain some degree of uncertainty. 
In the long list of Russian varieties much confusion and uncertainty 
