52 MANUAL OF APICULTURE. 
be employed. Glass fruit jars with metal caps are generally at hand, and 
make excellent feeders by merely punching a few holes in each ¢ap. 
After the jar is filled with liquid food and the cap screwed on tightly 
it is inverted over a feed hole in the quilt or honey board. The cap, or 
top story, with cover, protects the whole, and it is very easy to see when 
more food is wanted by merely raising the cover slightly. If arranged 
on a feeding stage covered on the underside with wire cloth, as shown 
in fig. 38, feeding may be accomplished without being troubled by the 
workers. _ 
Feeders of various forms constructed of wood or tin, or of these 
materials combined, most of them serving the purpose excellently, are 
offered in catalogues of apiarian manufacturers. 
SECTION FOLDERS. 
Sections can be folded or put together readily over an accurately 
made block just large enough to fill the space inclosed by a section, 
and several machines to facilitate the work in case it is to be done on 
a large scale have been devised. 
BEE ESCAPES. 
The bee escape (fig. 39) is an important labor-saving invention for 
the honey producer. A number of them may be regarded as necessary 
in every apiary. They are in- 
serted in holes bored in a hon- 
ey board and used in freeing 
supers from bees, as described 
under ‘‘ Honey production.” 
FOUNDATION FASTENERS. 
For sections.—Several styles 
of implements for fastening 
thin foundation in sections have been devised. All of them do the 
work well. A simple one, which is also low priced, is Parker’s; Clark’s 
and the Daisy are also highly recommended, and A. C. Miller’s is very 
complete, working automatically. The latter, and the Daisy shown in 
fig. 40, each require the use of a lamp. : 
For frames.—\t the top bars of the frames have a slot or saw kerf 
one-eighth to three-sixteenths inch deep on the underside, made by 
passing them lengthwise over a circular saw, sheets of foundation can 
be very readily fastened by slipping the edge into this groove and run- 
ning melted wax along the angle formed on each side by the founda- 
tion and the top bar. A bent spoon or a tin cup with a small nozzle is 
handy for this purpose. If the top bar is flat on the underside it will 
be necessary to press the foundation firmly against it; that is, to incor- 
porate the edge of the wax sheet into the wood of the top bar by rub- 
bing it with a smooth bit of hard wood or bone, such as a knife handle, 
Fic. 39.—The Porter spring bee escape. 
