45 



A pupa is shown in its cocoon at e of figure 12. 



Pupation takes place in a rather regular and compact oval cocoon, 

 formed of particles of earth joined together, presumably by an adhe- 

 sive substance, perhaps including a small admixture of silk. The 

 cocoons are but slightly larger than the pupae, measuring about 5 mm., 

 and being about 3 mm. in diameter. They are formed a very slight 

 distance, less than half an inch, below the surface of the earth, in the 

 immediate vicinity of the infested plants. The pupae rest within the 

 cocoons, and these in turn lie in small earthern cells, from which they 

 can readily be dislodged intact. They are sufficiently hard and firm to 

 retain their shape after the issuance of the beetles. 



BIOLOGIC LITERATURE OF THE SPECIES. 



On the Eastern Continent Ceutorkynchus rwpm has apparently not 

 attracted any attention as an injurious species, and the writer is unable 

 to find in any of the more popular European publications any mention 

 of its attacking useful plants. 



Of its habits, Redtenbacher (Fauna Austriaca, Die Kafer, Vol. II, 

 1871, p. 347) says that the species "lives on CochJearia dixiba, and in 

 the larval condition in the roots of this plant. The mature larva goes 

 into the earth and forms for pupation a small cocoon from the earth." 



If there were any way of proving the identity of the species men- 

 tioned by Packard (1. c.) American biologic literature would begin 

 with the publication of the note in question in 1872. 



In the Annual Report of this Department for 1888 (p. 136), as pre- 

 viously noted, Miss Murtfeldt, formerly an agent of this Division, 

 gave our first biologic account of this species under the heading "The 

 cabbage curculio (CeutorhyncJms napi)" based upon its injuries to 

 cabbage in hotbeds at Glasgow, Mo. The insect was stated to have 

 injured over half of 40,000 plants, and some facts in its life history 

 are contributed, including mention of its rearing several } T ears before 

 that time from larvae boring the stalks of wild pepper-grass, Lepidiwn 

 virginicum, as well as original descriptions of the egg, larva, and 

 cocoon. 



Injury is described as being shown by the puncturing and fretting 

 of the plants in the crown and along the principal veins, a large pro- 

 portion of the plants dying from this form of attack. The plants 

 were stated also to be punctured in the center or at the side of the 

 crown, and to contain a small white grub which was boring downward 

 in the root, the soft castings filling the tunnel in its rear and being 

 often forced out through the entering fissure. The year following, the 

 same writer again called attention to injury by this species, mention 

 being made under the name of Ceutorhynehus rapce. Attention was 

 also called to ilj appearance in the garden of Mr. F. M. Webster, at 

 Lafayette, Ind., in May of that year (Bui. 22, Div. Ent., p. 73). 



