76 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO GARDEN AND ORCHARD CROPS. 



The newly hatched larva. — The larvae when first hatched have the 

 appearance shown in the illustration at d. From the first they rest in 

 the curved position assumed by the embryo in the egg, and when they 

 attempt to move they do so chiefly by crawling in a clumsy manner 

 upon their venters, and not upon their backs as is the case with Allo- 

 rhiua and certain other Scarabaeidae. The newly-hatched larva3, as 

 would readily be surmised from the variability in the size of the fully 

 developed eggs, vary in size even before they have partaken of food, 

 measuring, if extended, from 6 to 7 mm in length and about 2 mm across 

 the thoracic segments, which are widest. The head is of course very 

 large in proportion to that of the mature larva, being slightly narrower 

 than the thoracic joints. It is white at, first but soon turns to the nor- 

 mal color — dark yellowish. The body is at first entirely white, the 

 yellowish red pubesence or short hairs and the finer and longer hairs 

 of the dorsum showing plainly on the body and toward the extremities 

 of the legs. The mandibles are large and prominent, dark brown in 

 color, becoming nearly black on the inner or cutting surfaces. Larvae 

 under observation absorbed some nutriment from the earth in which 

 they were confined, which showed in a few hours through the thin skin 

 of the abdomen. 



The mature larva. — The full-grown larva differs but little in essential 

 characters from the younger larva, save in the relative proportions of 

 the head and legs to the body proper. It is best described by the 

 figure (see e). The absence of a large series of larvae of other related 

 species renders inadvisable at this time an attempt at specific descrip- 

 tion. The arrangement of the hairs on the ventral surface of the last 

 or anal segment, as indicated at /, presents but little difference between 

 this species and fusca as figured by Forbes, which is naturally to be 

 expected when we consider their close relationship. 



The pupa. — What is true of the resemblance of the larva of this and 

 related species is even more pronounced in the case of the pupa. No 

 differences between the pupae of the fusca group are known. The 

 pupa of arcuata, illustrated at b, is of the same white color as the larva. 



The beetle. — The beetles can not be separated from those of fusca, nor 

 in fact with positive certainty from several other related species, by any 

 tangible and constant characters at present known without examina- 

 tion of the sexual organs or genitalia. The best-marked individuals of 

 fusca have the elytra with the longitudinal ridges more strongly denned 

 than is usual in arcuata; but this character is so variable as to be of no 

 value whatever for specific identification. The external or corneous 

 portions of the genital organs, particularly of the male, present excel- 

 lent and constant characters. This will readily be appreciated by 

 anyone who has not already had experience with this genus by a com- 

 parison of the male claspers of arcuata, shown at a, b, and c of fig. 17, 

 with those of fusca at a, b, and c of fig 18, together with the male 

 abdominal and female genital structure delineated by d and e, respec- 

 tively, of the same figures. 



