58 



careful in importing infested fruit and to exercise utmost vigilance in 

 watching his orchard, and if the moth is found, even in small numbers, 

 no expense should be spared to apply the proper remedies immediately. 



One source of trouble that can be easily prevented is that when 

 apples are stored the larvae emerge from the fruit, spin their cocoons, 

 and upon emerging as moths in the spring hnd easy access to the 

 orchard. I studied two well-marked cases of this. At Mr. C. M. 

 Kiggins's place apples were stored in boxes in a cellar in which there 

 were open ventilators. I found many old cocoons in and about these 

 boxes. When I examined the orchard, July 9, I found that in trees 

 nearest the cellar practically all of the apples were infested. In going 

 from the cellar a noticeable decrease was observed, and in the farthest 

 part of the orchard the injury varied from 5 to 30 per cent. 



In the well-kept orchard of Hon. Edgar Wilson a similar case was 

 noted. 



These examples show the futility of remedial measures when the 

 moth has such a start. Both Mr. Wilson and Mr. Kiggins are fully 

 aware of the above conditions, and will take care that the mistake is 

 not repeated. Either of three courses may be followed: To fumigate 

 with hydrocyanic-acid gas while the larva? are in the cocoon, to put 

 screens over the holes and crush the moths which will collect there, or 

 not to store apples on the premises. 



In some cases picking the apples early to escape a coming brood is 

 practiced. If the stages of the insect are known, this method may be 

 followed to much advantage. 



REMEDIAL MEASURES. 



In fighting this insect, the first question which presents itself is. In 

 what stage can the insect be best attacked, and how? 



As. a result of the work that has been done on this subject, it is 

 evident that any mixture strong enough to kill the egg will injure the 

 tree. Further work may throw more light upon this subject. 



At two periods in this stage the insect is vulnerable, and a larger 

 portion of the remedies have been used at these periods. 



After the young larva? hatch, and before they have started for the 

 center of the apple, has long been recognized as the most vulnerable 

 point in the life of the insect. x\t this point spraying is a most effect- 

 ive remedial measure. 



I found that in Idaho the fruit growers were using many kinds of 

 spraying solutions, with varying results. 



A patent mixture, composed largel} T of carbolic acid and coal tar. 

 was used bj T some. This solution is supposed to have a smell about it 

 that keeps the moth away from the tree. The best I have seen this 

 solution do, with several excellent sprayings, in conjunction with 



